Use of Immunofluorescence Examination to Detect Rabies Virus Antigen in the Skin of Humans with Clinical Encephalitis

Blenden, Donald C.; Creech, W.; Torres-Anjel, M J

doi:10.1093/infdis/154.4.698

Cited by 45 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Cell culture isolation methods (Webster and Casey, 1996) are problematic due to the inability of certain rabies virus variants to propagate easily in specific cell lines (Hughes et al, 2004). Many tests have been advocated for the ante mortem diagnosis of rabies such as the corneal smear examination (Schneider, 1969) and frozen section skin biopsy (Blenden et al, 1986). The corneal smear first developed by Schneider is too insensitive for accurate clinical diagnosis (Mathuranayagan and Vishnupriya Rao, 1984;Warrell et al, 1988).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ante mortem diagnosis of human rabies using saliva samples: Comparison of real time and conventional RT-PCR techniques

Nagaraj

Vasanth

Desai

et al. 2006

Journal of Clinical Virology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ante mortem diagnosis of human rabies using saliva samples: Comparison of real time and conventional RT-PCR techniques

Nagaraj

Vasanth

Desai

et al. 2006

Journal of Clinical Virology

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“…[23] The test is simple, and for sample selection, a section of skin that has a diameter of 5-6 mm should be taken from the posterior region of the neck along the hairline. The biopsy section should contain a minimum of 10 hair follicles and must be of sufficient depth till the subcutaneous plane in order to include the cutaneous nerves at the base of the hair follicle.…”

Section: Laboratory Investigationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antemortem diagnosis and prevention of human rabies

Madhusudana

Sukumaran

2008

Ann Indian Acad Neurol

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Human rabies still continues to be a significant health problem in India and other developing countries where dogs are the major vectors of transmission. Rabies in humans can present in two clinical forms, i.e., furious and paralytic. While diagnosis of furious rabies can be made based on the typical symptoms and signs, paralytic rabies poses a diagnostic dilemma to the neurologists who may encounter these cases in their practice. Although there are certain clinical features that distinguish this disease from other forms of Guillain-Barre syndromes, confirmation of diagnosis may require laboratory assistance. Conventional techniques such as antigen detection, antibody assays and virus isolation have limited success. The recently introduced molecular techniques show more promise in confirming the cases of paralytic rabies. There has not been much success in the treatment of confirmed rabies cases and recovery from rabies is extremely rare. Therefore, preventive measures of this dreaded disease after an exposure become extremely important. The present article reviews the current status of human rabies with regard to antemortem diagnosis, disease management and post-exposure prophylaxis.

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“…Centrifugal viral spread to cutaneous nerve endings surrounding hair follicles (especially in the head region) forms the basis for antemortem diagnosis by means of immunostained nuchal skin biopsies, in a large proportion of animal (Blenden, Bell, Tsao, & Umoh, 1983) and human rabies cases (Blenden, Creech, & Torres-Anjel, 1986;Bryceson et al, 1975). In some cases, RVAg is also found in epidermal cells (Bago, Revilla-Fernandez, Allerberger, & Krause, 2005;Balachandran & Charlton, 1994;Jackson et al, 1999).…”

Section: Changes In Extraneural Organsmentioning

confidence: 99%