Use of insect antifeedants against aphid vectors of plant virus disease

Abstract

The probing and feeding behaviour of aphids can result in uptake of viruses from infected plants and subsequent transmission to healthy plants. It is possible to interfere with virus acquisition and transmission by influencing aphid host‐selection and feeding behaviour with antifeedant chemicals. Published work is reviewed and new work is presented in this paper. The two most successful classes of antifeedants against aphids are (a) compounds derived from the aphid alarm pheromone and (b) plant‐derived antifeedants such as the sesquiterpene (‐)‐polygodial. Results with these and other compounds are discussed in terms of antifeedant activity against Myzus persicae, their effects on resistant aphids and the evidence for decŕease in virus spread by aphids in laboratory and field.

Potato virus Y: An Evolving Concern for Potato Crops in the United States and Canada

“…These compounds work by reducing the ability of the aphid to probe on epidermal tissues or by impeding the uptake or release of virus during feeding. While several studies have shown these compounds to be somewhat effective at reducing the spread of persistent and semipersistent viruses, i.e., those viruses that require relatively long transmission times such as PLRV (10,35), there are few studies on viruses like PVY that only require feeding times measured in seconds (36). Combining these compounds with other management practices such as border crops may also improve their efficacy (3).…”

Alarm pheromones and allelochemics as a means of aphid control

“…Neem contains a wide range of chemicals, that are antifeedant or toxic for herbivores. Crude neem extracts and pure azadirachtin were weakly antifeedant but toxic for M. persicae (Schoonhoven and Derksen-Koppers, 1976;Griffiths et al, 1989); inhibition of virus transmission by aphids, unlike leafhoppers, has not been reported (Schmutterer, 1990).…”

“…Workers at Rothamsted obtained a range of EBF derivatives, synthesized by cycloaddition. Some derivatives, called 'propheromones', regenerate the active pheromone, while others are active in their own right, preventing aphid feeding (Griffiths et al, 1989). In the laboratory, some inhibited acquisition of semi-and non-persistent (PVY) viruses (Gibson et al, 1984).…”

“…Emphasis is put on the potential use of these chemicals in virus transmission control. Similar or other aspects of semiochemicals acting on aphids have been reviewed by Nault and Montgomery (1977), Pickett et al (1982), Herrbach (1985aHerrbach ( , 1985b, Rice et al (1985), Dreyer and Campbell (1987), Klingauf (1987), Dawson et al (1989), Gibson and Rice (1989), Griffiths et al (1989), Pickett (1989), Plumb (1989), Griffiths (1990), Niemeyer (1990).…”

Epicuticular Leaf Waxes of the Hop (Humulus lupulus). Chemical Composition and Surface Structures

“…precipitation, wind and intense solar radiation) as well as p red a tion and parasitism from organism s ranging from viruses to higher anim als. In com m ercially culti vated hops, the hop aphid Phorodon humuli and the red spider mite Tetranychus urticae are the m ain econom ically im p o rtan t anim al pests, while the principal fungal diseases are mildew, caused by Sphaerotheca humuli, and false m ildew (Pseudoperonospora humuli) [25,26] indeed the m ain com ponent o f the aphid alarm pherom one is ß-farnesene [27] furtherm ore ovipa rous h o p aphids secrete the cyclopentanoid m onoterpine cis, cis N epetalactol as a male a ttra c ta n t pherom one [28], A role for terpenoids and o ther fractions o f the wax as a rth ro p o d repellents and antifeedants is an interesting possibility. Likewise, a fungistatic function for leaf-wax com ponents could also be considered.…”