Use of lignin as a compatibiliser in hemp/epoxy composites

Wood, Benjamin M.; Coles, Stuart R.; Maggs, Steven J.; Meredith, James O.; Kirwan, Kerry

doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2011.06.005

Cited by 97 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…[1][2][3][4][5][6] Research on the use of natural fibers as reinforcements in petroleumbased polymeric matrices has been extensively studied and the use of sisal, flax, jute, kenaf, hemp, etc. as natural reinforcements in phenolic, unsaturated polyester and epoxies has been reported [7][8][9][10][11]. Natural fibers are not abrasive, cost effective and health safety while handled and they offer interesting balanced properties as potential substitutes of conventional reinforcements [12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of eco‐friendly epoxy resins from renewable resources as potential substitutes of petrochemical epoxy resins for ambient cured composites with flax reinforcements

et al. 2012

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In the last years, some high renewable content epoxy resins, derived from vegetable oils, have been developed at industrial level and are now commercially available; these can compete with petroleum-based resins as thermoset matrices for composite materials. Nevertheless, due to the relatively high cost in comparison to petroleum-based resins, their use is still restricted to applications with relatively low volume consumption such as model making, tuning components, nautical parts, special effects, outdoor sculptures, etc. in which, the use of composite laminates with carbon, aramid and, mainly, glass fibers is generalized by using hand layup and vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) techniques due to low manufacturing costs and easy implementation. In this work, we study the behavior of two high renewable content epoxy resins derived from vegetable oils as potential substitutes of petroleum-based epoxies in composite laminates with flax reinforcements by using the VARTM technique. The curing behavior of the different epoxy resins is compared in terms of the gel point and exothermicity profile by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In addition, overall performance of flax-epoxy composites is compared with standardized mechanical (tensile, flexural and impact) and thermal (Vicat softening temperature, heat deflection temperature, thermo-mechanical analysis) tests. The curing DSC profiles of the two eco-friendly epoxy resins are similar to a conventional epoxy resin. They can be easily handled and processed by conventional VARTM process thus leading to composite laminates with flax with balanced mechanical and thermal properties, similar or even higher to a multipurpose epoxy resin.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of eco‐friendly epoxy resins from renewable resources as potential substitutes of petrochemical epoxy resins for ambient cured composites with flax reinforcements

et al. 2012

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“…Lignin is considered a promising filler or additive to be used in polymers because of its low price, low density, low abrasive character, good thermal stability, and high reactivity (Maldhure et al 2012;Rosu et al 2009;Sevastyanovav et al 2010;Song et al 2011;Wood et al 2011). These advantages make it far more attractive than other organic or inorganic fillers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Toughened Poly(L-lactic) Acid and Lignin Blends

Mu¹,

Xue²,

Zhu³

et al. 2014

BioResources

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Fully degradable poly(L-lactic) acid (PLLA) and lignin blends were prepared using the melt blending method. The impact strength of PLLA was dramatically improved by 52.4% and 36.6% with the addition of 5 wt% and 10 wt% of lignin, respectively. Meanwhile, the Young's modulus was maintained. Polarized optical microscopy (POM) results indicated that lignin served as a nucleating agent for the heterogeneous crystallization of PLLA in blends, which was responsible for the improvement in the impact strength. The introduced lignin also promoted the cold-crystallization of PLLA, which was demonstrated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The blends of PLLA with lignin are considered to be a promising material because of the improved toughness, the full degradability, and the lower price compared with pure PLLA.

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“…When lignin was blended with poly(L-lactic) acid, the impact strength of poly(L-lactic) acid was improved appreciably, as well as its toughness; the resulting composite was less expensive compared to neat poly(L-lactic) acid plastic (Mu et al 2014). The impact strength and structural properties were also improved when lignin was added to a hemp/epoxy resin composite matrix (Wood et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Physical and Mechanical Properties of Recycled Polypropylene Composites Reinforced with Rice Straw Lignin

Karina¹,

Syampurwadi²,

Satoto³

et al. 2017

BioResources

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Recycled polypropylene (RPP) and lignin represent by-products produced in enormous amounts worldwide that remain underutilized. This study used rice straw lignin as a filler at various concentrations (0% to 70% w/w) in RPP and virgin polypropylene (PP) composites by melt blending. Structural and morphological alterations of lignin were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Mechanical properties were evaluated using a universal testing machine (UTM). Results revealed that the tensile strength of the composites decreased as the lignin content increased, presumably due to the low of compatibility degree of lignin and MAPP, as well as the crack formation due to the agglomeration of lignin. However, composites with lignin as a filler showed higher moduli and water absorption capacities, as well as thickness swelling; using lignin as a filler caused a drastic reduction of the elongation at break values. The results indicated that the physical and mechanical properties of RPP and its virgin PP composites had no substantial differences. This indicated that virgin PP could be substituted by recycled polypropylene (RPP) for composite applications with the addition of MAPP.

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Use of lignin as a compatibiliser in hemp/epoxy composites

Cited by 97 publications

References 31 publications

Use of eco‐friendly epoxy resins from renewable resources as potential substitutes of petrochemical epoxy resins for ambient cured composites with flax reinforcements

Use of eco‐friendly epoxy resins from renewable resources as potential substitutes of petrochemical epoxy resins for ambient cured composites with flax reinforcements

Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Toughened Poly(L-lactic) Acid and Lignin Blends

Physical and Mechanical Properties of Recycled Polypropylene Composites Reinforced with Rice Straw Lignin

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