Use of OECD premarket data in environmental exposure analysis for new chemicals

Multimedia modeling of environmental transport: trichloroethylene test case

“…The atmosphere in turn interacts with both the water and soil compartments, and the soil compartment is assumed to interact only with the atmosphere. The above simple compartmental system which was suggested by several previous investigators (12,18,(22)(23)(24)(25) is adequate for organic pollutants that are not present in the atmospheric aerosol phase. The above model environment was scaled by setting the compartmental volume/ interfacial area ratios for the soil and water in contact with the air to 0.1 and 10 m3/m2.…”

“…The soil matrix is a complex three-phase system (air, water, and solids) dominated by slow diffusive transport processes that lead to significant concentration gradients in the soil matrix. The description of gaseous transport in the soil can be approximated by a simple one-dimensional diffusion equation (31) dC., dt = d2CaP " dXi (12) in which Csm is the concentration matrix and Dam is the effective diffusivity in the soil matrix (30). The initial condition C8m(0,x) may be determined from available background concentrations.…”

“…The concept of compartmental modeling is not new in environmental research (1). Compartmental models have been used in modeling the transport of carbon dioxide (2,3) and trace pollutants in the oceans and across the airocean interface (4-6), in the design and interpretation of multimedia monitoring data (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14), and in pollutant mass balance studies in the environment (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25). In recent years there has also been a growing awareness that multimedia-compartmental models may also aid in the design of comprehensive pollution control strategies (7,12,13,15,16,18,23,25).…”

“…The steady-state approach has proven useful in identifying the presence of potential sinks and sources in specific regions (20,21). Steady-state compartmental models have also been used to estimate human uptake of specific pollutants (8)(9)(10)(11)(12). The steady-state approach, however, does not yield information regarding the transient behavior of the compartmental system.…”

Environmentally adapted lubricants, Part I. An overview

“…This indicates that the bio-accumulation of the substances between Po, values of > 3 and < 6 are generally regarded as having a low or negligible potential to bioaccumulate. 13 The bio-accumulation property of a lubricant need not be measured if it is readily bi0degradab1e.I~…”