Use of red mud, a residue of alumina production by the Bayer process, in water treatment

Red mud as an amendment for pollutants in solid and liquid phases

“…The adsorption mechanisms of phosphate species on red mud or activated red mud have been widely studied including factors such as pH, dosage and concentration of acid, temperature of heat activation procedure, dosage of red mud samples and reaction time (Akhurst et al, 2006;Couillard, 1982;Huang et al, 2008;Li et al, 2006;2007a;Pradhan et al, 1998;Zhao et al, 2009). It is pertinent that the adsorption of phosphate on oxide surfaces of red mud takes place by a ligand exchange mechanism which involves exchange of an aqueous ligand for a surface hydroxyl group.…”