Use of Saliva-Based Nano-Biochip Tests for Acute Myocardial Infarction at the Point of Care: A Feasibility Study

Abstract

BACKGROUND:For adults with chest pain, the electrocardiogram (ECG) and measures of serum biomarkers are used to screen and diagnose myocardial necrosis. These measurements require time that can delay therapy and affect prognosis. Our objective was to investigate the feasibility and utility of saliva as an alternative diagnostic fluid for identifying biomarkers of acute myocardial infarction (AMI).

Diagnostic markers of acute myocardial infarction

“…Salivary markers of acute myocardial infarction include MYO, CRP, MPO, CK-MB and cTn, which when used in combination with an ECG, shows a positive correlation in patients when compared to healthy controls (63). The salivary MYO levels were found to be significantly higher within 48 h of onset of chest pain in AMI patients and correlated positively with its serum concentration (64). In a study performed by Miller et al (65), the salivary concentrations of CRP, TNF-α, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and MPO were significantly higher in patients with AMI and correlated positively with the serum concentrations.…”

Utility of Salivary Biomarkers for Demonstrating Acute Myocardial Infarction

“…Saliva is rapidly, easily, and non-invasively procured and contains thousands of biomolecules that are derived from the local capillary bed (Hu et al, 2005;Xiao and Wong, 2011). Several biomarkers associated with CHD and AMI [i.e., TnI, TnT, CK-MB, active matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, and C-reactive protein (CRP)] can be detected in saliva at concentrations distinct from those in healthy individuals and that correlate with serum concentrations (Floriano et al, 2009;Miller et al, 2010;Buduneli et al, 2011;MirzaiiDizgah and Jafari-Sabet, 2011;Foley et al, 2012b;Mirzaii-Dizgah et al, 2012;Mirzaii-Dizgah and Riahi, 2013a,b). However, the clinical utility of these biomarkers for AMI assessment, alone or as a multimarker panel, is not fully understood.…”

Application of Saliva as Diagnostic Bio-Fluid- An Overview

“…Another correlation has been found in increased levels of salivary lysozyme in hypertension, an early stage of CVD. [5,6] A number of salivary markers such as cortisol, nitrite, uric acid, sodium, chloride, pH, amylase etc have been associated with end stage renal disease. Salivary tests for biomarkers could be used to decide whether or not the dialysis is required thereby minimizing the visits to dialysis clinic.…”