Use of secondary lead for new generations of lead/acid batteries

Guibert, A. de; Chaumont, B.; Albert, L.; Caillerie, J.L.; Ueberschaer, Armin; Höhn, R.; Davis, W. Jr.; Weighall, M.J.

doi:10.1016/0378-7753(93)80133-a

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…For instance, to avoid a significant increase in the self-discharge of the batteries, the contents of bismuth (Bi) and Ag in the oxide must be less than 200 parts per million (ppm) and 40 ppm by weight, respectively (de Guibert et al 1993). Battery manufacturers traditionally often have even higher requirements for the purity of the lead.…”

Section: ❙ R E S E a R C H A N D A N A Lys I Smentioning

confidence: 99%

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Closing the Technospheric Flows of Toxic Metals: Modeling Lead Losses from a Lead‐Acid Battery System for Sweden

Karlsson

1999

J of Industrial Ecology

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Summary This article investigates technological opportunities to close technospheric flows in a large‐scale use of a toxic and scarce metal, lead. It analyzes the lead flows and losses to the environment in a modeled lead‐acid battery system for Sweden. The modeled system is built on today's technology for production and recycling of lead and batteries while the recovery of used batteries is varied. The analysis shows that the losses from the production and recycling processes are so low that consumption losses and the recovery rate dominate the total system losses. In a steady state with very high recovery of used batteries, the system losses are small compared to natural lead flows and to the historical lead losses during the industrialization. The modeling assumes that all the secondary lead goes back into the production of new batteries even though in Swedish battery manufacturing today, primary lead dominates the lead supply for lead oxide production. The possibilities for increased secondary lead use in the production of lead oxide are also discussed

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Section: ❙ R E S E a R C H A N D A N A Lys I Smentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Today, contamination of the lead from the secondary smelter with Bi, Ag, and possibly Cu is considered as the most problematic in secondary lead (de Guibert et al 1993). These metals cannot fulfill the specifications set by one of the Swedish battery manufacturers.…”

Section: ❙ R E S E a R C H A N D A N A Lys I Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Closing the Technospheric Flows of Toxic Metals: Modeling Lead Losses from a Lead‐Acid Battery System for Sweden

Karlsson

1999

J of Industrial Ecology

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“…Lead impurities not only adversely affect the subsequent battery parameters but also significantly affect the production efficiency, acid absorption, bulk density of lead oxide, its specific surface area and the proportion of PbO crystalline varieties formed. In addition, they have a negative influence on the amount and type of scales formed [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 30 , 31 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lead Oxide Production in Barton Reactor—Effect of Increased Air Humidity on Lead Oxide Production Parameters

2022

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The paper presents tests of lead oxidation in a Barton reactor with a capacity of 1200 kg PbO/h, divided into two series. The first series was carried out in conditions of high humidity of the air supplied to the reactor (59–61%), and the second series in conditions of low humidity (19–21%). The study used lead of various purity levels, the main impurities of which were bismuth and silver. The obtained results show that the use of air with a humidity of about 60% in the process allows us to obtain high-quality PbO and has a positive effect on processing parameters such as the amount of lead processed and the efficiency of the process. The mentioned processing parameters significantly influence the production cost of lead oxide. The effect of lead impurities on the process of lead oxidation and the quality of the obtained product was noticed. This dependence is especially visible in the case of the process efficiency, the amount of lead processed per time unit and the amount of formed scrap. The increase in the content of impurities adversely affects each of the parameters mentioned. Optimal parameters of lead oxide regarding the expected acid absorption at the level above 16 g H2SO4/100 g PbO and the degree of oxidation at the level of 75% were obtained for the air humidity of about 60% with the content of pollutants below 100 ppm. The paper presents data on the process parameters and the relationships between them, unpublished in the literature.

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Electrochemical and Mechanical Behavior of Lead-Silver and Lead-Bismuth Casting Alloys for Lead-Acid Battery Components

Osório

Peixoto

Garcia

2015

Metall Mater Trans A

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Use of secondary lead for new generations of lead/acid batteries

Cited by 10 publications

References 5 publications

Closing the Technospheric Flows of Toxic Metals: Modeling Lead Losses from a Lead‐Acid Battery System for Sweden

Closing the Technospheric Flows of Toxic Metals: Modeling Lead Losses from a Lead‐Acid Battery System for Sweden

Lead Oxide Production in Barton Reactor—Effect of Increased Air Humidity on Lead Oxide Production Parameters

Electrochemical and Mechanical Behavior of Lead-Silver and Lead-Bismuth Casting Alloys for Lead-Acid Battery Components

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