Use of Span 80 and Tween 80 for blending gasoline and alcohol in spark ignition engines

Kassem, Mohamed Gamal Amin Amin; Ahmed, A. M.; Abdel-Rahman, Hanaa Hammam; Moustafa, Amira H.E.

doi:10.1016/j.egyr.2019.01.009

Cited by 64 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…One of the most important features that gives information about the type of small molecule emulsifiers and the respective emulsions they stabilize is known as the hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB), which is the balance between the size and strength of the two components of the emulsifier, i.e., hydrophilic and lipophilic components. − HLB values have mainly been explored for small molecule surfactants , but have also found application in the case of amphiphilic macromolecules . For small molecules, emulsifiers with HLB values greater than 10 favor o/w emulsions and HLB values below 10 favor w/o emulsions, such that the HLB values of the emulsifier can be used to determine the type of emulsion formed. , Commonly used amphiphilic small molecule emulsifiers such as sodium lauryl sulfate (HLB = 40), sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (HLB = 10.6), alkyl phenyl polyoxyethylene ether (HLB = 14.5), and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (HLB = 15) lead to the formation of o/w emulsions. , In contrast, Span 80 (sorbitan monooleate, HLB = 4.9), glyceryl monostearate (HLB = 3.8), and Span 65 (sorbitan tristearate, HLB = 2.1) favor w/o emulsions. , …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances and Opportunities of Oil-in-Oil Emulsions

Zia

Pentzer

Thickett

et al. 2020

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Emulsions are mixtures of two immiscible liquids in which droplets of one are dispersed in a continuous phase of the other. The most common emulsions are oil–water systems, which have found widespread use across a number of industries, for example, in the cosmetic and food industries, and are also of advanced scientific interest. In addition, the past decade has seen a significant increase in both the design and application of nonaqueous emulsions. This has been primarily driven by developments in understanding the mechanism of effective stabilization of oil-in-oil (o/o) systems, either using block copolymers (BCPs) or solid (Pickering) particles with appropriate surface functionality. These systems, as highlighted in this review, have enabled emergent applications in areas such as pharmaceutical delivery, energy storage, and materials design (e.g., polymerization, monolith, and porous polymer synthesis). These o/o emulsions complement traditional emulsions that utilize an aqueous phase and allow the use of materials incompatible with water. We assess recent advances in the preparation and stabilization of o/o emulsions, focusing on the identity of the stabilizer (BCP or particle), the interplay between stabilizer and oils, and highlighting applications and opportunities associated with o/o emulsions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances and Opportunities of Oil-in-Oil Emulsions

Zia

Pentzer

Thickett

et al. 2020

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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“…This result has to be ascribed to the specific Span 80 features. Its low HLB value of 4.3 [ 35 ] along with its high solubility in organic solvents makes it suitable for W/O inverted emulsion stabilization. Presenting a relatively small size, it rapidly diffuses at the interface creating a compact superficial coating.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioinspired Nanoemulsions Stabilized by Phosphoethanolamine and Phosphoglycerol Lipids

et al. 2020

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Water-in-oil (W/O) nanoemulsions stabilized by phospholipids (PLs) are increasingly exploited in a wide spectrum of applications, from pharmaceuticals to food and cosmetic formulations. In this work, we report the design and optimization of an innovative emulsion based on a mixture of phosphoethanolamine (PE) and phosphoglycerol (PG) PLs, inspired by the composition of the inner leaflet of a bacterial outer membrane. Using the natural oil squalene as the continuous organic phase, no additional emulsion stabilizer is needed. On the other hand, a small amount of Span 80 is required when dodecane is used. The obtained nanoemulsions are stable for at least two hours, thus allowing the droplet size and distribution to be characterized by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and the lipid layer structure and dynamics to be analyzed by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The results indicate that squalene shallowly intercalates among the lipid tail termini, being unable to deeply penetrate the adsorbed lipid monolayer. The altered lipid dynamics are proposed to be the reason for the enhanced emulsion stability, this paving the way to future implementations and possible applications.

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“…also demonstrated that although nonionic SAAs do not ionize into charged molecules, they can be adsorbed onto the surface charge of the water molecules at the particle/water interface, forming an electric double layer that is similar to the one formed with ionic SAAs (Han et al., 2008 ). In addition, the lower ZP values observed with PF127 can be attributed to its high hydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB) value (22) (Seth & Katti, 2012 ) when compared to T80 (HLB value = 15) (Kassem et al., 2019 ). Ibrahim et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The efficacy ofOriganum majoranananocubosomal systems in ameliorating submandibular salivary gland alterations in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

et al. 2021

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Diabetes mellitus is a challenging health problem. Salivary gland dysfunction is one of its complications. Current treatments possess numerous adverse effects. Therefore, herbal extracts have emerged as a promising approach for safe and effective treatment. However, they are required in large doses to achieve the desired effect. Accordingly, Origanum majorana extract (OE) was incorporated into nano-sized systems to enhance its biological effects at lower dosages. OE was standardized against rosmarinic acid (RA) and then loaded into nano-cubosomal (NC) systems via a 2 3 full-factorial design. Two optimum nano-systems at different drug loads (2.08 or 1.04 mg-RA/mL) were selected and assessed in vivo to compare their effects in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats against conventional OE (2.08 mg-RA/mL). Blood glucose was evaluated weekly. Submandibular salivary glands were processed for histopathological examination and nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 ( Nrf2 ), Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 ( Keap1 ), and p38-MAPK gene expression analysis. NC systems were successfully prepared and optimized where the optimum systems showed nano-sized vesicles (210.4–368.3 nm) and high zeta potential values. In vivo results showed a significant lower blood glucose in all treated groups, with an exceptional reduction with NC formulations. Marked histopathological improvement was observed in all OE - treated groups, with OE-NC4 (2.08 mg-RA/mL) demonstrating the best features. This was supported by RT-PCR; where the OE-NC4 group recorded the highest mean value of Nrf2 and the least mean values of Keap1 and p38-MAPK , followed by OE-NC3 and OE groups. In conclusion, OE-loaded NC enhanced the anti-hyperglycemic effect of OE and ameliorated diabetic gland alterations compared to conventional OE. Thus, cubosomal nano-systems could be anticipated as potential carriers for the best outcome with OE.

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Use of Span 80 and Tween 80 for blending gasoline and alcohol in spark ignition engines

Cited by 64 publications

References 22 publications

Advances and Opportunities of Oil-in-Oil Emulsions

Advances and Opportunities of Oil-in-Oil Emulsions

Bioinspired Nanoemulsions Stabilized by Phosphoethanolamine and Phosphoglycerol Lipids

The efficacy ofOriganum majoranananocubosomal systems in ameliorating submandibular salivary gland alterations in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

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