Use of Staphylococci as Indicators of Swimming Pool Pollution

Favero, Martin S.; Drake, Charles H.; Randall, Georganne B.

doi:10.2307/4592053

Cited by 58 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 10 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…A Report (1953) by the Public Health Laboratory Service Water Subcommittee concluded that staphylococci were too resistant to chlorine to be satisfactory indicator organisms. Favero, Drake & Randall (1964) advocated the use of staphylococci as indicators of pool pollution and proposed a standard of fewer than 100 staphylococci per 100 ml. water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Staphylococci in swimming pool water

Crone¹,

Tee

1974

J. Hyg.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SUMMARYDuring a period of five years 1192 water samples from swimming pools were examined for staphylococci and 338 for coliform organisms only. Eighty-nine different pools were sampled.Numbers of staphylococci, estimated by the membrane filtration technique did not bear any significant relation to either bathing load or concentration of free chlorine.Wide variation in the staphylococcal count was observed when different parts of a pool were sampled on the same occasion.The only practicable standard for pool samples in relation to staphylococci would appear to be that these organisms should be absent from 100 ml. water when the pool has been out of use during at least ten hours before sampling if filtration and chlorination are adequate.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Staphylococci in swimming pool water

Crone¹,

Tee

1974

J. Hyg.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…

…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Cetrimide Medium For The Detection Of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

Mossel

Indacochea

1971

Journal of Medical Microbiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

ESTIMATES of the numbers of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in food, water supplies and medicaments may be made either by direct enumeration methods (Selenka, 1960;Drake, 1966;Kielwein, 1969), or by presence-or-absence tests (Favero, Drake and Randall, 1964;Black et al., 1970). In the former, material is seeded on to a solid diagnostic medium and the relevant colonies are counted; in the latter, portions are first enriched in a liquid selective medium and streaks are subsequently made on to a similar solid medium. Cetrimide agar (Lowbury and Collins, 1955;Brown and Lowbury, 1965) is a useful medium for this purpose, but it is not completely selective for Ps. aeruginosa (Goto and Enomoto, 1970); and colonies of this organism on it cannot always be identified with certainty unless confirmatory tests are made (Azuma and Witter, 1970). PRELIMINARY EXPERIMENTSAn attempt was made to increase the diagnostic value of the cetrimide medium by making use of three fairly constant metabolic attributes of Ps. aeruginosa: (1) rapid growth at 41'42°C (Seleen and Stark, 1943;Haynes, 1951 ;Stanier, Palleroni and Doudoroff, 1966); (2) no formation of acid from polyols (Mossel and Indacochea, unpublished) and (3) rapid deamination of acetamide (Riihlmann, Vischer and Bruhin, 1961 ;Kelly and Clark, 1962;Hedberg, 1969).Hedberg's peptone-free acetamide agar was first tried as the basal medium; but, as shown by Hedberg herself, it readily supported the growth of some other Gram-negative bacteria. Moreover, we found that approximately 20 per cent. of some 200 strains of Ps. aeruginosa freshly isolated from clinical material did not deaminate acetamide on Hedberg's medium at 42°C.Next, acetamide was added to Brown and Lowbury's modified cetrimide agar. Brown and Lowbury included glycerol in their medium to promote pigment formation. This was useful for our purpose also, because the enterobacteria that were able to grow on this medium and to attack glycerol produced sufficient acid to mask any alkalinity resulting from the deamination of acetamide. However, some of them did not attack glycerol, and such strains might deaminate acetamide and hence be recorded as Ps. aeruginosa. This was remedied by replacing half the glycerol by D-mannitol, from which such strains produce acid; virtually all of the Enterobacteriaceae produce acid either from glycerol or mannitol.Phenol red was included in the medium as indicator to reveal whether or not the net effect of polyol dissimilation and acetamide deamination is alkalinisation of the medium as in the case of Ps. aeruginosa. A red zone around the area of growth was therefore taken to be presumptive evidence for the presence of this organism. The medium thus composed was called GMAC (glycerol-mannitol-acetamide-cetrimide) agar. COMPOSITION OF THE MEDIUMTo prepare the medium, 0.2 g peptone, 10 g KzS04,1.4 g MgC12 . 6H20,0.3 g cetrimide (AR), 5 ml glycerol (AR), 5 g D-mannitol (AR) and 15 g agar were added to 900 ml distilled water; the pH was adjusted to 7-0 and the mixture sterilised for 20 min. at 118"-121°C;

show abstract

“…These Favero et al 5 proposed that members of the genus Staphylococcus would provide a more relevant indicator. In this study, microfilters were placed on Staphylococcus Agar #110 (BBL) and incubated for 24 hours, a rather fast procedure which provided a third bacteriological test.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1,2 Robinton and Mood have noted that members of the genus Staphylococcus were shed in large numbers under all conditions and that Staphylococcus aureus is consistently shed from bathers.9 Favero et al showed that when the attendance at a swimming pool was high, the number of Staphylococci was also high. 5 The number of bacteria counted in a sample is at least partially determined by the number of persons who swim in the water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%