Cochlear Implants and Classroom Learning among
Deaf College StudentsCochlear implants (CIs) are able to provide many deaf children with greater access to sound than ever before. By virtue of having greater access to sound, and to spoken language in particular, those children frequently also gain greater speech reception and speech intelligibility. When compared to peers with similar degrees of hearing loss who do not use CIs, the greater access to speech and environmental sounds possible with CIs is associated with childhood advantages in language Svirsky et al. [1], social functioning Punch et al. [2] access to information in the classroom Blom et al. [3] and academic achievement Vermeulen et al. [4]. Three important qualifications are necessary when describing such advantages forCI users. First is the wide variability among CI users in all of these domains, and particularly-for foundational purposes-in language development Archbold [5,6]. Second is the definitional point that CIs only increase access to sound, and it is that access-not the CI itselfthat offers many users benefits in other domains Tomblin et al. [7]. Third, at least in the domains of social functioning Kushalnagar et al. [8,9] and academic achievement Convertino et al. [10-13] the early academic benefits of cochlear implantation are reduced or absent by high school and college age Marschark et al. [14] and are not particularly related to age at implantation Marschark et al. [15],The present study specifically examined the last of these issues.
Disappearing Academic Advantages?Most of the research involving academic achievement among deaf learners (with or without CIs) has been focused on reading . There is a smaller body of research addressing mathematics Edwards et al. [20,21] and even less addressing science and other domains Marschark et al. [14,22] Yet, largely because of frequent lags in language development, many deaf learners (with or without CIs) exhibit academic challenges across the curriculum.Studies demonstrating CI use to be associated with better reading abilities almost exclusively have involved children younger than secondary school age Mayer et al. [19,12] however, found that