Use of the Environmental Impact Quotient to Estimate Health and Environmental Impacts of Pesticide Usage in Peruvian and Ecuadorian Potato Production

Kromann, Peter; Pradel, Willy; Cole, Donald C.; Taipe, Arturo; Forbes, Gregory A.

doi:10.4236/jep.2011.25067

Cited by 27 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In Ecuador, the use of EBDC fungicides, and in particular the use of mancozeb, is common in the production of potatoes (Kromann et al 2011; Orozco et al 2007; Schutz 2014). Potato consumption is high in Ecuador, especially in the mountain regions, such as the Pichincha Province, where our study was conducted.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Pesticide Exposure in a Sample of Pregnant Women in Ecuador

Handal

Hund

Páez

et al. 2015

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol

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Background Few studies have detailed the prenatal pesticide exposure levels of women employed in or residing near large-scale agricultural industries. This study reports pesticide metabolite levels during and shortly after pregnancy in a pilot study of workers in Ecuador. Methods Urine samples were collected for 16 rose workers and 10 non-agricultural workers enrolled into the study in early pregnancy. We measured six nonspecific organophosphate dialkylphosphate (DAP) pesticide metabolites, two alkylenebis-dithiocarbamate pesticide metabolites (ethylene thiourea [ETU] and propylene thiourea [PTU]), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol [TCPy], malathion dicarboxylic acid, and two pyrethroid metabolites (2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and 3-phenooxybenzoic acid). Results We collected 141 urine samples (mean: 5.4 per woman). We observed high detection frequencies for five DAP metabolites and ETU, PTU, and TCPy. We report elevated levels of ETU in the entire sample (median 4.24 ng/mL, IQR 2.23, 7.18), suggesting other possible non-occupational pathways of exposure. We found no statistical differences in pesticide levels by current employment status, though the highest pesticide levels were among rose workers. We observed within-woman correlation in TCPy and PTU levels, but not in ETU or DAP levels. Conclusions The present study is the first to characterize prenatal pesticide exposure levels among working women in Ecuador. Limitations include a small sample size and use of a convenience sample. Strengths include a longitudinal design and multiple urine samples per woman. Results provide an initial characterization of prenatal pesticide exposure levels and how these levels vary over pregnancy in a community impacted by agricultural industry and will inform further studies in the region.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Pesticide Exposure in a Sample of Pregnant Women in Ecuador

Handal

Hund

Páez

et al. 2015

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol

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“…The development and diffusion of integrated pest (and disease) management (IPM) knowledge and technologies is needed in order help to reduce the damage caused by pests and diseases, while also reducing dependency on hazardous pesticides (Kromann et al 2011) and promoting environment health protection. Thus, technologies such as the use of potato cultivars with resistance to pests and diseases, biological control, and alternative management practices are being advocated for to reduce the overall need for insecticides and the complete avoidance of highly toxic insecticides currently applied to control of potato pests (Kromann et al 2011, Mala et al 2012, Paredes 2010). …”

Section: Conclusion and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Farmers′ perceptions, believes, knowledge and management practices of potato pests in South-Kivu Province, eastern of Democratic Republic of Congo

et al. 2017

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“…Evaluation of the pesticide eco-toxicology could be carried out by various indexes, such as the Environmental Impact Quotient (EIQ), the Environment Risk Index (ERI) from the Quebec-NIPH (National Institute of Public Health), or the Pesticide Environmental Impact (IPEST). EIQ has been used in tropical developing countries, on the potato (Kromann et al 2011), and cruciferous vegetables (Badenes-Perez 2006). Bues et al (2004) have shown an increase in the EIQ and IPEST on tomato in tropical areas (Reunion Island) compared to Mediterranean areas.…”

Section: Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pesticide risks from fruit and vegetable pest management by small farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. A review

Bon¹,

Huat²,

Parrot³

et al. 2014

Agron. Sustain. Dev.

184

112

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Chemical control has highly expanded over the last 30 years in sub-Saharan Africa to reduce bio-aggressors on all crops. Pest management of fruits and vegetables by small farmers in sub-Saharan Africa have developed anarchically in a fuzzy regulation framework. Pesticide toxicity and excessive application are often criticized both by farmers and consumers. Here, we review pesticide management in sub-Saharan Africa over the past 30 years. We then propose options to improve and reduce pesticide application, in order to decrease environmental and human hazards. The major points are as follows: (1) global changes in sub-Saharan Africa such as urbanization modify farmer practices and crop losses. (2) Pesticides are more and more used by small farmers in an unsustainable way. (3) The risk of pesticide application for human health and environment is poorly known. (4) We propose options to reduce pesticide application based upon integrated pest management (IPM) and agroecology. Moreover, IPM increases farmer economy, thus decreasing poverty. (Résumé d'auteur

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Use of the Environmental Impact Quotient to Estimate Health and Environmental Impacts of Pesticide Usage in Peruvian and Ecuadorian Potato Production

Abstract: Currently there is no effective mechanism for measuring the potential benefits of integrated pest and disease interventions in terms of reducing pesticide risks in potato production

Cited by 27 publications

References 23 publications

Characterization of Pesticide Exposure in a Sample of Pregnant Women in Ecuador

Characterization of Pesticide Exposure in a Sample of Pregnant Women in Ecuador

Farmers′ perceptions, believes, knowledge and management practices of potato pests in South-Kivu Province, eastern of Democratic Republic of Congo

Pesticide risks from fruit and vegetable pest management by small farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. A review

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