Use of Tritium in Hydrologic Research-Problems and Limitations

Carlston, Charles W.

doi:10.1080/02626666409493670

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Therefore, they can be classified as pre-Pleistocene infiltration waters, which means that they infiltrated more than 2,580,000 years ago. Additionally, the absence of tritium indicates the age is greater than 70 years (19). Due to the higher mineralization, as well as the higher depth of the Stargard's aquifer, it can be assumed that its water may be older than that in Pyrzyce.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial Diversity in Deep-Subsurface Hot Brines of Northwest Poland: from Community Structure to Isolate Characteristics

Kalwasińska

Krawiec

Deja-Sikora

et al. 2020

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Deep-subsurface hot brines in northwest Poland, extracted through boreholes reaching 1.6 and 2.6 km below the ground surface, were microbiologically investigated using culture-independent and culture-dependent methods. The high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons showed a very low diversity of bacterial communities, which were dominated by phyla Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. Bacterial genera potentially involved in sulfur oxidation and nitrate reduction (Halothiobacillus and Methylobacterium) prevailed in both waters over the sulfate reducers (“Candidatus Desulforudis” and Desulfotomaculum). Only one archaeal taxon, affiliated with the order Thermoplasmatales, was detected in analyzed samples. Bacterial isolates obtained from these deep hot brines were closely related to Bacillus paralicheniformis based on the 16S rRNA sequence similarity. However, genomic and physiological analyses made for one of the isolates, Bacillus paralicheniformis strain TS6, revealed the existence of more diverse metabolic pathways than those of its moderate-temperature counterpart. These specific traits may be associated with the ecological adaptations to the extreme habitat, which suggest that some lineages of B. paralicheniformis are halothermophilic. IMPORTANCE Deep-subsurface aquifers, buried thousands of meters down the Earth’s crust, belong to the most underexplored microbial habitats. Although a few studies revealed the existence of microbial life at the depths, the knowledge about the microbial life in the deep hydrosphere is still scarce due to the limited access to such environments. Studying the subsurface microbiome provides unique information on microbial diversity, community structure, and geomicrobiological processes occurring under extreme conditions of the deep subsurface. Our study shows that low-diversity microbial assemblages in subsurface hot brines were dominated by the bacteria involved in biogeochemical cycles of sulfur and nitrogen. Based on genomic and physiological analyses, we found that the Bacillus paralicheniformis isolate obtained from the brine under study differed from the mesophilic species in the presence of specific adaptations to harsh environmental conditions. We indicate that some lineages of B. paralicheniformis are halothermophilic, which was not previously reported.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial Diversity in Deep-Subsurface Hot Brines of Northwest Poland: from Community Structure to Isolate Characteristics

Kalwasińska

Krawiec

Deja-Sikora

et al. 2020

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…An indication of the nature of pilot-type studies can be gained from the work of Kaufman and Orlob (1956). Several papers describing work on tritium as a hydrologic tool (Carlston and Thatcher, 1962;Carlston, 1964) were issued as a result of U.S. Geological Survey research. Gloyna and others (1971) used radiotracers in experimental flumes.…”

Section: Carbon-14mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological and Geochemical Features of Manganese Distribution in Groundwaters of Ukraine

Kоshliakova

2023

Mìneral. ž.

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The results of hydrogeochemical studies on the identification of the features of manganese distribution in drinking groundwater of conditionally clean and technologically polluted territories of Ukraine are presented, as well as the assessment of the influence of inorganic ligands characteristic of the investigated groundwater on the behavior of Mn2+ depending on the initial conditions of the water environment. The Kyiv city, as well as Zhytomyr, Vinnytsia, and Rivne regions were selected as conditionally clean territories; Kyiv and Dnipropetrovsk regions — as technologically polluted territories. According to domestic and foreign literary data, the range of medical, biological, and toxicological properties of manganese is outlined, and the key features of the element prevalence in natural aqueous solutions and underground waters are clarified. Manganese and ferrum concentrations in the samples of the studied groundwater were determined using the high-precision method of mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-MS). As a result of the statistical processing of the studied samples, it was established that the median manganese content for most of the examined territories does not exceed the maximum permissible concentration. The exception is the underground water of the Pidhirtsi village (Kyiv region), where the concentration of the element exceeds the standard by almost 4 times. A comparative analysis to determine the relationship between the manganese and ferrum concentrations and the depth of water intake structures did not show any regularities characteristic of natural waters undisturbed by technogenic activity. It was revealed that the largest deviations from the background values for manganese are typical for the Dnipropetrovsk region, and for ferrum — for the Kyiv city. Statistically significant relationships between the concentrations of manganese and ferrum in the examined samples were not found, which indicates the different geochemical nature of the elements concentration processes in the studied groundwater. Using the specialized software tools Hydra and Medusa, the finding forms of manganese depending on the pH of the water environment in studied samples were calculated. The obtained ratios of the element soluble forms for conditionally clean and technologically polluted territories of Ukraine made it possible to establish that in the water of conditionally clean territories, manganese migrates mainly in the form of free Mn2+ ion, and to a much lesser extent (11%) in the form of MnSO4. On the other hand, within the technologically polluted territories, the key role belongs to the inorganic ligand SO42–, the ratio of soluble compounds MnSO4 and Mn2+ is, respectively, 56% to 44%. The obtained results can serve as a basis for the selection of criteria when performing biogeochemical zoning of the territory of Ukraine.

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“…11) to determine if substantial quantities of recent (post-1953) atmospheric recharge has entered the shallow aquifer. Tritium concentrations larger than 5.7 pCi/L (picocuries per liter) indicate effects of atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons during the 1950's and 1960's (Carlston, 1964;Hendry, 1988).…”

Section: Geochemistry Of the Shallow Aquifermentioning

confidence: 99%

Geochemistry and migration of contaminants at the Weldon Spring chemical plant site, St. Charles County, Missouri, 1989-91

Schumacher¹

1993

Open-File Report

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Investigations were conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy at the Weldon Spring chemical plant site to determine the geochemistry of the shallow aquifer and geochemical controls on the migration of uranium and other constituents from the raffinate (waste) pits. Water-quality analyses from monitoring wells at the site and vicinity property indicate that water in the shallow aquifer is a calcium magnesium bicarbonate type that is at equilibrium with respect to calcite and slightly supersaturated with respect to dolomite. Water samples from the surface of the raffinate pits contained various concentrations of the following major constituents (numbers in parentheses are constituent concentrations in milligrams per liter): calcium (11 to 1,400), magnesium (21 to 480), sodium (120 to 1,500), potassium (13 to 181), sulfate (70 to 990), and nitrite plus nitrate (less than 10 to more than 1,800, as nitrogen); and the following trace constituents (numbers in parentheses are concentrations in micrograms per liter): lithium (10 to 6,240), molybdenum (670 to 7,100), strontium (122 to 5,460), vanadium (70 to 3,200), and uranium (less than 10 to more than 4,000). Analysis of interstitial-water samples from raffinate pit 3 indicated that concentrations of most constituents increased with increasing depth below the water-sediment interface. Equilibriumspeciation calculations indicate that interstitial solutions generally are supersaturated with respect to carnotite and undersaturated with respect to uraninite. Shallow sludge samples (less than 4.5 feet deep) contained large quantities of apatite Operations performed at the Weldon Spring uranium feed materials plant Uranium tetrafluoride production Uranium hexafluoride production Rgure 3. Generalized flow chart of U.S. Atomic Energy Commission operations during the operation of the Weldon Spring uranium feed materials plant (modified from Hamngton and Ruehle, 1959). * Sludge unevenly distributed throughout the pit. Pit 4 was designed to overflow into pit 3 but altitude of water has never reached this level in pit 4; however, water in pit 3 has flowed into pit 4.

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Use of Tritium in Hydrologic Research-Problems and Limitations

Cited by 6 publications

References 3 publications

Microbial Diversity in Deep-Subsurface Hot Brines of Northwest Poland: from Community Structure to Isolate Characteristics

Microbial Diversity in Deep-Subsurface Hot Brines of Northwest Poland: from Community Structure to Isolate Characteristics

Ecological and Geochemical Features of Manganese Distribution in Groundwaters of Ukraine

Geochemistry and migration of contaminants at the Weldon Spring chemical plant site, St. Charles County, Missouri, 1989-91

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