Use of TTC staining for the evaluation of tissue injury in the early phases of reperfusion after focal cerebral ischemia in rats

Benedek, Angéla; Móricz, Krisztina; Jurányi, Zsolt; Gigler, Gábor; Lévay, György; Hársing, László G.; Mátyus, Péter; Szénási, Gábor; Albert, Mihály

doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2006.07.123

Cited by 163 publications

(128 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Moreover, both triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC; Sigma) for 30 min hMSCs and rMSCs administered at 1 day post-MCAO in a 3°C incubator. TTC solution was drained and secproduced a more significant (p < 0.001) recovery than tions were immersed in 4% formalin in 0.1 m PB at 4°C those administered at 7 days post-MCAO in which and stained as described previously (2). mNSS scores declined but did not reach significance.…”

Section: The Mcao Model Of Experimental Strokementioning

confidence: 84%

Changes in Host Blood Factors and Brain Glia Accompanying the Functional Recovery after Systemic Administration of Bone Marrow Stem Cells in Ischemic Stroke Rats

Yang

Wei

et al. 2010

Cell Transplant

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In this study, we examined the effects of systemic administration of rat or human bone marrow stromal stem cells (MSC) at early and later times following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) on blood cytokines/ growth factors, brain glia, and motor behavior in rats. Rats were tail vein injected with rat (r) and human (h) MSCs at 1 or 7 days post-MCAO. In some rats (N = 4) MSCs isolated from transgenic GFP rats were used to track the migration of cells peripherally and centrally at 2.5 and 28 days. Motor behavior was assessed using the modified Neurological Severity Score/climbing test at various time points before and after MCAO and transplantation. Prior to sacrifice at 1, 7, or 28 days post-MCAO, blood serum was collected for cytokine array analysis. Brains were analyzed for markers of activated microglia (CD11) and reactive astrocytes (GFAP). Administration of either allogeneic (rMSCs) or xenogeneic (hMSCs) stem cells produced a significant recovery of motor behavior after MCAO, with cells delivered at 1 day having greater effect than those at 7 days. Correlated with recovery was an amplification in activated microglia, reactive astrocytes, and new blood vessels in the infarct region, resulting in greater preservation in brain integrity. Concomitantly, expression of blood cytokines/chemokines (IL-13, MMP2, MIP) and growth factors/receptors (VEGF, neuropilin, EPOR, TROY, NGFR, RAGE) were modified following MSC administration. Because only rare GFP-labeled MSCs were observed in the brain, these effects did not depend on the central incorporation of stem cells. The early systemic administration of allogeneic or xenogeneic MSCs soon after experimental stroke produces a structural/functional recovery in the brain which is correlated with an increase in activated brain glia and changes in circulating cytokines and growth factors. Stem cells therefore induce an important neuroprotective and/or regenerative response in the host organism.

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Section: The Mcao Model Of Experimental Strokementioning

confidence: 84%

Changes in Host Blood Factors and Brain Glia Accompanying the Functional Recovery after Systemic Administration of Bone Marrow Stem Cells in Ischemic Stroke Rats

Yang

Wei

et al. 2010

Cell Transplant

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“…This method is quite easy to apply and the results are immediately available, revealing a high contrast between normal and infarcted tissues ( Figure 2H). However, TTC staining can falsely detect infarction, e.g., when dehydrogenase activity is transiently impaired or when tissue viability is below a certain threshold (Benedek et al, 2006). In addition, demarcation of the infarct can be problematic if the border or the distinction between white matter and infarcted tissue are not clear.…”

Section: Light Microscopy and Macroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Visualizing Cell Death in Experimental Focal Cerebral Ischemia: Promises, Problems, and Perspectives

Zille

Farr

Przesdzing

et al. 2011

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

125

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One of the hallmarks of stroke pathophysiology is the widespread death of many different types of brain cells. As our understanding of the complex disease that is stroke has grown, it is now generally accepted that various different mechanisms can result in cell damage and eventual death. A plethora of techniques is available to identify various pathological features of cell death in stroke; each has its own drawbacks and pitfalls, and most are unable to distinguish between different types of cell death, which partially explains the widespread misuse of many terms. The purpose of this review is to summarize the standard histopathological and immunohistochemical techniques used to identify various pathological features of stroke. We then discuss how these methods should be properly interpreted on the basis of what they are showing, as well as advantages and disadvantages that require consideration. As there is much interest in the visualization of stroke using noninvasive imaging strategies, we also specifically discuss how these techniques can be interpreted within the context of cell death.

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“…In order to investigate motor function recovery in the rats subjected to ischemia, motor performance was measured prior to surgery and on days one and eight following surgery. In order to measure the muscle strength of the forelimbs, a net screen was used (19). The trial commenced subsequent to placing the rat on the horizontal screen on the ground.…”

Section: Preparation Of Glgzdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Gua Lou Gui Zhi decoction on focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through regulating the expression of excitatory amino acids and their receptors

Chen¹,

Li²,

Huang³

et al. 2014

Molecular Medicine Reports

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Abstract. Gua Lou Gui Zhi decotion (GLGZD) has been reported to be an effective treatment for post-apoplectic limb spasm in the clinic. The present study aimed to investigate whether GLGZD had an affect on cerebral injuries induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats and its possible mechanism. High-performance liquid chromatography was performed to analyze GLGZD. Furthermore, a model was established to assess the efficacy of GLGZD. Neurological defect scores and screen tests were analyzed. Brain ischemic infarct volume was measured using 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining and glutamic acid (Glu), aspartic acid (Asp) and glycine (Gly) levels in the cerebrospinal fluid were measured using the Hitachi automatic amino acid analyzer. Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine the expression of the α-amino-3 -hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA) and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) glutamate receptors, and to analyze histopathological change. GLGZD was found to improve neurological performance and reduce infarct volumes in MCAO rats. In addition, GLGZD was observed to enhance motor performance, which was assessed using the screen test. Furthermore, GLGZD was found to reduce Glu, Asp and Gly levels in the cerebrospinal fluid and downregulate the protein expression of the AMPA and NMDA glutamate receptors. Thus, it was demonstrated that GLGZD may exert neuroprotective effects through the modulation of excitatory amino acids, and AMPA and NMDA receptor expression.

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Use of TTC staining for the evaluation of tissue injury in the early phases of reperfusion after focal cerebral ischemia in rats

Cited by 163 publications

References 32 publications

Changes in Host Blood Factors and Brain Glia Accompanying the Functional Recovery after Systemic Administration of Bone Marrow Stem Cells in Ischemic Stroke Rats

Changes in Host Blood Factors and Brain Glia Accompanying the Functional Recovery after Systemic Administration of Bone Marrow Stem Cells in Ischemic Stroke Rats

Visualizing Cell Death in Experimental Focal Cerebral Ischemia: Promises, Problems, and Perspectives

Effect of Gua Lou Gui Zhi decoction on focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through regulating the expression of excitatory amino acids and their receptors

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