Use of Zebrafish Embryo Assay to Evaluate Toxicity and Safety of Bioreactor-Grown Exopolysaccharides and Endopolysaccharides from European Ganoderma applanatum Mycelium for Future Aquaculture Applications

Wan‐Mohtar, Wan Abd Al Qadr Imad; Ilham, Zul; Jamaludin, Adi Ainurzaman; Rowan, Neil J.

doi:10.3390/ijms22041675

Cited by 34 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…A similar biosafety approach using zebrafish was used to test EPS from the wild-Serbian mushroom Ganoderma. applanatum 43 , which exhibited higher yet safe LC50 value (1.41 mg/mL) than the current wild-Malaysian L. rhinocerus study (0.41 mg/mL). The MB of L. rhinocerus demonstrated a harmless biosafety status of bioreactor cultivated L. rhinocerus mycelia and EPS products; thus, supporting further pre-commercialization.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

In-Vivo Toxicity of Bioreactor-Grown Biomass And Exopolysaccharides From Malaysian Tiger Milk Mushroom Mycelium For Potential Future Health Applications

Usuldin

Wan-Mohtar

Ilham

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Natural mycelial biomass (MB) and exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced from bioreactor-grown Malaysian Tiger Milk Mushroom Lignosus rhinocerus are considered high-end components due to their high commercial potential value in drug discovery. Both MB (0.16-10 mg/mL) and EPS (0.16-10 mg/mL) extracts were tested for Zebrafish Embryo Toxicity (ZFET) and early development effects on Zebrafish Embryos (ZE) during 24-120 h post-fertilization (HPF) in order to assess toxicity given potential application as a new therapy for treating asthma. Finding revealed that MB was deemed to be safe with an LC50 of 0.77 mg/mL; EPS was shown to be non-toxic (LC50 of 0.41 mg/mL). Neither MB nor EPS delayed hatching nor teratogenic defects in treated ZE at a dose of 2.5 mg/mL. There were no significant changes in the ZE heart rate after MB or EPS treatments with MB (0.16-10 mg/mL: 130 beats/min) and EPS (0.16-10 mg/mL: 140 beats/min), as compared to normal ZE (120-180 beats/min). In addition, mixing of both natural compounds MB and EPS did not affect toxicity using ZFET testing; thus, intimating their safe future use as therapeutic interventions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

In-Vivo Toxicity of Bioreactor-Grown Biomass And Exopolysaccharides From Malaysian Tiger Milk Mushroom Mycelium For Potential Future Health Applications

Usuldin

Wan-Mohtar

Ilham

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…pigs, rabbits, and adult trout). A similar biosafety approach using zebrafish was used to test EPS from the wild-Serbian mushroom G. applanatum 49 , which exhibited a higher yet safe LC 50 value (1.41 mg/mL) than that of the current wild-Malaysian L. rhinocerus study (0.41 mg/mL). The MB of L. rhinocerus demonstrated a harmless biosafety status of bioreactor cultivated L. rhinocerus mycelia and EPS products; thus, supporting further pre-commercialisation trials.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, the findings from this research highlight the increasing trend towards the intensive yet sustainable exploitation of bio-based resources from food and marine ecosystems, from the emergence of the bioeconomy 11 . These bio-inspired materials may be refined and scaled up for commercial use through advances in biotechnology, as described here 49 . Notably, this emerging area will be future-proofed through accelerating digitalisation, where metadata outputs will potentially inform food for therapeutics, cosmetics, personal care products, and smart packaging, along with offering putative interventions to help mitigate the Covid-19 disease 10 , 51 , 53 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vivo toxicity of bioreactor-grown biomass and exopolysaccharides from Malaysian tiger milk mushroom mycelium for potential future health applications

Usuldin

Wan‐Mohtar

Ilham

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Natural mycelial biomass (MB) and exopolysaccharides (EPS) of Malaysian tiger milk mushroom Lignosus rhinocerus are considered high-end components due to their high commercial potential value in drug discovery. This study aims to evaluate the toxicity of the mushroom extracts’ generated in a bioreactor using the zebrafish embryo toxicity (ZFET) model assay as a new therapy for treating asthma. Both MB and EPS extracts, at concentrations 0.16–10 mg/mL, were tested for ZFET and early development effects on Zebrafish Embryos (ZE) during 24–120 h post-fertilisation (HPF). Findings revealed that MB was deemed safe with an LC50 of 0.77 mg/mL; the EPS were non-toxic (LC50 of 0.41 mg/mL). Neither MB nor EPS delayed hatching nor teratogenic defects in the treated ZE at a 2.5 mg/mL dose. There were no significant changes in the ZE heart rate after treatments with MB (130 beats/min) and EPS (140 beats/min), compared to that of normal ZE (120–180 beats/min). Mixing both natural compounds MB and EPS did not affect toxicity using ZFET testing; thus, intimating their safe future use as therapeutic interventions. This represents the first study to have used the ZFET assay on MB and EPS extracts of L. rhinocerus for future health applications.

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“…However, very few studies have been conducted using Ganoderma species to evaluate the mushroom toxicity in zebrafish embryos. 22,30,262 In addition, the toxicological assessment of other mushroom species and their bioactive components needs to be tested in future studies.…”

Section: Challeng E Smentioning

confidence: 99%

The potential role of medicinal mushrooms as prebiotics in aquaculture: A review

Mohan¹,

Rajan

Thirunavukkarasu

et al. 2022

Reviews in Aquaculture

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Aquaculture industry is one of the major food‐producing sectors in the world that provide nutritional food security for mankind. Fish and crustacean farmers are facing various challenges in treating the rapid spread of infectious diseases in recent times. Numerous strategies, including antibiotics, disinfectants, and other antimicrobial agents, have been applied to protect the cultivable aquatic animals from infectious diseases. These applications lead to the development of antimicrobial resistance, toxicity, and the accumulation of antibiotic residues in cells and organelles of the cultivable edible organisms and the environment. The use of naturally derived compounds, polysaccharides, and functional metabolites has gained immense attention among aquaculturists. Mushrooms and their nutraceutical components have been widely used in various sectors, including food, pharmaceutical, poultry, and aquaculture industries, for their non‐toxic and eco‐friendly properties. To date, there are several reports available on edible and medicinal mushrooms as a dietary ingredient for fish and decapod crustacean culture. The mushroom products such as mycelia, stalk, dry powder, polysaccharides, and extracts have been utilized in aquaculture as growth promoters and immunostimulants, improving the digestive enzyme activity, antimicrobials, and improving the health status of cultivable aquatic animals. This present review elucidates the effectiveness of mushrooms and mushroom‐derived compounds as prebiotics in aquaculture. The challenges and future perspectives of mushroom‐derived bioactive molecules have been discussed in this review.

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Use of Zebrafish Embryo Assay to Evaluate Toxicity and Safety of Bioreactor-Grown Exopolysaccharides and Endopolysaccharides from European Ganoderma applanatum Mycelium for Future Aquaculture Applications

Cited by 34 publications

References 51 publications

In-Vivo Toxicity of Bioreactor-Grown Biomass And Exopolysaccharides From Malaysian Tiger Milk Mushroom Mycelium For Potential Future Health Applications

In-Vivo Toxicity of Bioreactor-Grown Biomass And Exopolysaccharides From Malaysian Tiger Milk Mushroom Mycelium For Potential Future Health Applications

In vivo toxicity of bioreactor-grown biomass and exopolysaccharides from Malaysian tiger milk mushroom mycelium for potential future health applications

The potential role of medicinal mushrooms as prebiotics in aquaculture: A review

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