Usefulness of Virtual Reality-Based Training to Diagnose Strabismus

Moon, Hyun Sik; Yoon, Hyeon Jeong; Park, Sang Woo; Kim, Chae Yeon; Jeong, Mu Seok; Lim, Sung Min; Ryu, Jee Heon; Heo, Hwan

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-149285/v1

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…VR and AR have been explored in many aspects in ophthalmologic and optometric fields, such as low vision [13], glaucoma [14,15], strabismus [16,17], testing binocular imbalance [18,19], age-related macular degeneration [20], and distance-based vision aid for blind [13]. Several studies aimed to train amblyopia based on VR technology and showed various improvement in visual acuity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Study of Short-Term Plastic Visual Perceptual Training Based on Virtual and Augmented Reality Technology in Amblyopia

Tan

Yang

Fan

et al. 2022

Journal of Ophthalmology

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Backgrounds. The treatment for amblyopia can have a substantial impact on quality of life. Conventional treatments for amblyopia have some limitations, then we try to explore a new and effective method to treat amblyopia. This study aimed to determine the potential effect of short-term plastic visual perceptual training based on VR and AR platforms in amblyopic patients. Methods. All observers were blinded to patient groupings. A total of 145 amblyopic children were randomly assigned into 2 groups: VR group (71 patients) and AR group (74 patients). In the VR group, each subject underwent a 20-min short-term plastic visual perceptual training based on a VR platform, and in the AR group, based on an AR platform. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), fine stereopsis, and contrast sensitivity function (CSF) were measured before and after training. Results. The BCVA (P < 0.001) and fine stereopsis (P < 0.05) were improved significantly both in VR and AR group after training. Moreover, in the AR group, the CSF showed the value of all spatial frequencies had a statistically signiﬁcant improvement after training (P < 0.05), while in the VR group, only the value of spatial frequency 12 improved significantly (P = 0.008). Conclusions. This study showed that the short-term plastic visual perceptual training based on VR and AR technology can improve BCVA, fine stereopsis and CSF of refractive amblyopia. It was suggested that the visual perceptual training based on the VR and AR platforms may be potentially applied in treatment for amblyopia and provided a high-immersing alternative.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Study of Short-Term Plastic Visual Perceptual Training Based on Virtual and Augmented Reality Technology in Amblyopia

Tan

Yang

Fan

et al. 2022

Journal of Ophthalmology

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“…Therefore, it is possible to build a scene, perform the covering test through AI, and retain the image data for the automatic diagnosis of strabismus. VR technology gives the human eye a sense of three-dimensionality through binocular parallax, which allows the construction of a scene for looking near and far [10] , combined with an infrared camera to capture the eye movement data, an AI simulation of the covering test, and nally, the use of an AI image processing algorithm for diagnosing strabismus and calculating strabismic angle, which solves the problem of the shortage of clinical strabismus specialist and the problem of long examination time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repeatability and reproducibility of VR in automated measurement and diagnosis of strabismus

Fu,

Wang,

Liu

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Background To explore the accuracy and reproducibility of VR technology for strabismus screening.Methods In this cross-sectional study, a total of 191 subjects were included. Examinations included VR technology based on infrared, the cover-uncover test, and the prism alternating cover test (PACT) at various gaze positions, specifically at distances of 33cm and 6m. The accuracy of VR in diagnosing strabismus and quantifying the degree of strabismus was evaluated by comparing the VR results to the average outcomes of manual examinations conducted by the two physicians, considered the gold standard.Results A total of 88 healthy individuals, 81 exotropia patients, 17 esotropia patients, and 5 vertical strabismus patients were included in this study, and each subject was screened for less than 2 min. The sensitivity of VR for screening strabismus was 80.3% and the specificity was 80%, displaying moderately consistent with the manual results (Kappa = 0.598, p < 0.001). The sensitivity for diagnosing exotropia was 76.5% and the specificity was 91.8%, also showing strong agreement with the manual results (Kappa = 0.695, p < 0.001). The sensitivity for diagnosing esotropia was 94.1% and the specificity was 95.4%, with strong agreement with the manual results (Kappa = 0.755, p < 0.001). The sensitivity for diagnosing vertical strabismus was 80% and the specificity was 98.9%, with strong agreement with manual results (Kappa = 0.719, p < 0.001). Reproducibility of VR compared to manual results, expressed as intraclass correlation efficient (ICC), was moderately reproducible for exotropia in near mode (ICC = 0.587, range, -0.036-0.826) and less reproducible for exotropia in far mode (ICC = 0.349, range, -0.042-0.615). ICC was highly reproducible (ICC = 0.701, range,0.358–0.879) for the esotropic far mode results (6m) and not statistically significant for the esotropic near mode results (33cm). ICC was moderately reproducible (ICC = 0.606, range, -0.143-0.946) for the vertical-near-mode results (33cm) and not statistically significant for the vertical-far-mode results (6m).Conclusions This novel technique for strabismus screening, which utilizes virtual reality technology, enables quick, precise, and straightforward diagnosis of strabismus. It has also shown notable efficacy in accurately measuring the angle of deviation in cases of exotropia.

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“…The skill and experience of the examiner play an important role, as well as factors such as the psychophysical state of the examiner and patient, the time of day or coexisting diseases, such as developmental disabilities (18). The difficulty of the performed tests, and the role of the examiner's experience is evidenced by the development of a virtual reality strabismus angle assessment training application, the use of which significantly improves the examiner's accuracy and efficiency (19).…”

Section: Evaluation By Conventional Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Usability of the Innovative Strabiscan Device for Automatic Strabismus Angle Measurement

Grudzińska¹,

Durajczyk²,

Grudziński³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Background: Prismatic cover test (PCT) is a gold standard assessment of strabismus angle, however it has a significant number of disadvantages which are eliminated in Strabiscan device. Methods: Patients with strabismus (n = 30) and a group of healthy subjects (n = 30) were given a detailed history and underwent ophthalmologic examinations (best corrected visual acuity assessment, cycloplegic autorefractometry, biomicroscopic examination of anterior and posterior part of the eye). Each patient and healthy subjects were then subjected to the PCT, and then the presence of strabismus was detected, and its angle assessed using a Strabiscan demonstrator. Statistical analysis was done with Statistica software. Results: No statistically significant differences were noted in the measurements of strabismus angles made by the differing methods. Among the control group, using the Strabiscan demonstration device, low-angle latent strabismus ≤3PD was diagnosed in 83% of patients, and >3PD in 13% of patients. Those using the PCT, on the other hand, diagnosed latent strabismus ≤3PD in only 13% of patients, and latent strabismus with an angle >3PD in 13% of patients. Conclusion: The Strabiscan demonstration device provides quick and accurate assessment of the strabismus angle.

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Usefulness of Virtual Reality-Based Training to Diagnose Strabismus

Cited by 4 publications

References 23 publications

The Study of Short-Term Plastic Visual Perceptual Training Based on Virtual and Augmented Reality Technology in Amblyopia

The Study of Short-Term Plastic Visual Perceptual Training Based on Virtual and Augmented Reality Technology in Amblyopia

Repeatability and reproducibility of VR in automated measurement and diagnosis of strabismus

Evaluation of the Usability of the Innovative Strabiscan Device for Automatic Strabismus Angle Measurement

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