User behaviour, best practice and the risks of non-target exposure associated with anticoagulant rodenticide use

Use of Anticoagulant Rodenticides in Single-Family Neighborhoods Along an Urban-Wildland Interface in California

“…These results indicated that users were generally aware of the effects on non-target species, but did not always follow all best practices for application (Tosh et al 2011). In contrast, few residential users in a previous study in California were aware of nontarget species impacts (Morzillo and Mertig 2011a).…”

“…Use of rodenticides in the agricultural conditions in Europe has been investigated through user surveys (Tosh et al 2011). These results indicated that users were generally aware of the effects on non-target species, but did not always follow all best practices for application (Tosh et al 2011).…”

Rodenticide exposure in wood mouse and house mouse populations on farms and potential secondary risk to predators

“…Two groups of ARs exist, First and Second-Generation Anticoagulant Rodenticides (FGARs and SGARs, respectively). In the United Kingdom (UK), where the level of AR use is high, SGARs are the most widely used group (Dawson et al 2001;McDonald and Harris 2000;Tosh et al 2011a). Although biochemically similar to FGARs, SGARS are used more widely because of their greater acute toxicity (Fisher et al 2003;Parmar et al 1987) and the lower degree of resistance to these compounds in UK rodent populations (MacNicoll 1986).…”

“…To improve our understanding of the risk ARs may pose to predatory species, we investigated the exposure of small mammal populations to ARs on farms where patterns of AR usage were typical of farmers (Tosh et al 2011a). The aims of the study were to: (1) investigate whether AR use has an effect on the relative abundance of small mammal populations around farms; (2) determine whether small mammals are exposed to ARs as a result of typical AR usage; (3) examine the spatial distribution of exposed small mammals in relation to AR application.…”

Challenges of Anticoagulant Rodenticides: Resistance and Ecotoxicology

“…Using this approach could certainly improve our knowledge of AVK exposure in non-target predators and be used as monitoring tools for wide-scale surveys. This would certainly be of help, in order to monitor potential exposure, since there is evidence that AVK user behavior could still improve to reduce unnecessary exposure of non-target species (Tosh et al, 2011). The question of concern remains of the long-term impact of such a bottleneck in genetics.…”