The Kursk Region is one of the leaders in the oncological morbidity in the Russian Federation. Research of the causes and identification of the factors that form the oncological morbidity of the Kursk Region's population, forecasting their negative impact, and planning preventive measures is not only a priority task of practical healthcare, but also a strategic direction of the region's social policy. We conducted a comparative assessment of the oncological morbidity of the population of the Kursk Region and Russia. The rates of the morbidity of malignant neoplasms in the region and the country are calculated, and it is shown that the oncological morbidity in the Kursk Region is growing much faster than in Russia. The most important factors that determine the high morbidity of oncology in the Kursk Region are identified: environmental pollution, population ageing, and detection of oncological diseases in the early stages. Models of the dependence of the oncological morbidity of the Kursk Region's population on environmental pollution, population ageing, and early detection of malignant neoplasms are developed. A multivariate equation of the dependence of the oncology morbidity on these three parameters is presented, it makes possible to perform short-term forecasts of the morbidity of malignant neoplasms of the Kursk Region's population and plan therapeutic and preventive measures.