Using almond (Prunus amygdalus L.) shell as a bio-waste resource in wood based composite

Pirayesh, Hamidreza; Khazaeian, Abolghasem

doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2011.06.008

Cited by 122 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…It is a waste material in western Iran, generated during nut processing and usually burnt (Lashgari et al 2013). Previous studies (Pirayesh and Khazaeian 2012;Lashgari et al 2013;García et al 2014) reported that almond shell flour (ASF) could play an important role in the manufacture of filled thermoplastic composites and wood-based panels, thereby reducing the demand for wood material. For example, García et al (2014) reported a decrease in thermal stability and an increase in oxygen and water vapor barrier properties of the poly(ε-caprolactone)-based composites with ASF from 10 wt%, 20 wt%, and 30 wt% in comparison with the composites without ASF.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermal Analysis and Morphological Characterization of Thermoplastic Composites Filled with Almond Shell Flour/Montmorillonite

Hosseinihashemi¹,

Eshghi²,

Ayrılmış³

et al. 2016

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The main objective of this research was to study the potential uses of almond shell flour (ASF) in the production of thermoplastic composites containing montmorillonite (MMT). Thirty, 35, and 40 wt% ASF was used, and 2.0 wt% maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene was used as the compatibilizer. Two levels of MMT nanoclay, 2.5 and 5.0 wt%, were mixed with polypropylene (PP). The effects of MMT on the thermal properties of the blended composites were evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), morphological characterization, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The XRD data showed that the relative intercalation of the composites with 2.5 wt% MMT was higher than that of the 5.0 wt% nanoclay composites. The TGA results indicated that by increasing the MMT percentage, the degradation temperature and the thermal stability were enhanced. The MMT exhibited better dispersion in the clay layers of the polymer-matrix composites when increased from 2.5 to 5.0 wt%, and at the 5.0 wt% MMT loading, the size of MMT became larger. The total weight loss of the ASF/PP/MMT composite decreased as the filler content increased, and the thermal stability increased as the MMT content increased.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, the impact strength of the composites significantly decreased with both incorporated fillers. Pirayesh and Khazaeian (2012) reported that the amount of almond shell particles in the production of particleboard should be approximately 30 wt% to meet the standards required for the mechanical properties of particleboard.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Analysis and Morphological Characterization of Thermoplastic Composites Filled with Almond Shell Flour/Montmorillonite

Hosseinihashemi¹,

Eshghi²,

Ayrılmış³

et al. 2016

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“…Therefore, finding new low-cost composite materials based on regional natural fillers, especially from agricultural industry, seems more than reasonable. Numerous publications describing composites with the abovementioned fillers are a good proof of the vast applicability of natural composites modified with post-agricultural waste fillers [16][17][18]. On the basis of economic analysis accounting for its availability and cost of subsequent preparation to be applied as a polymer filler (including grinding and drying), it was found that the price of 1 kg of ground walnut shell obtained in Poland (Central Europe) in 2017 is about 0.12 USD.…”

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Evaluation of highly filled epoxy composites modified with walnut shell waste filler

et al. 2017

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Epoxy composites modified with ground walnut shell used as organic waste fillers were prepared and examined. Post-agricultural waste materials after grinding were characterized by evaluation of grain size distribution and structure observations realized using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The influence of filler addition on the mechanical properties of epoxy-based composites was determined by: static tensile test, Charpy impact test, and ball indentation hardness measurements. Composite samples containing 20, 30, 40, and 50 wt% of walnut shell were characterized by increased stiffness and hardness in comparison to the unmodified resins. Moreover, the incorporation of the filler resulted in a decrease of composite material tensile strength and impact resistance. Thermo-mechanical properties of the composites were investigated by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). Results obtained from DMTA tests showed a growth in the composites' stiffness at elevated temperatures as a function of the increasing natural filler content. The material characterization was supplemented by thermal stability evaluation realized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). It was found that the incorporation of ground walnut shell led to an improved thermal stability of composite materials. The analysis of the change in composite material properties, caused DOI 10.1007DOI 10. /s00289-017-2163 by natural filler incorporation, was complemented by material microstructure observations.

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“…During the harvest period, the hull and kernel are the desirable products; the almond shell consists of 70% of the dry mass of a whole almond fruit. These nutshells can be collected on a community basis for reuse Gonzalez et al 2005;Izquierdo et al 2011; Meenakshi Sundaram and Sivakumar 2012;Pirayesh and Khazaeian 2012;Tiryaki et al 2014). Almond nutshells are abundant, inexpensive and readily available lignocellulosic materials, which contain a high content of carbon and other renewable chemicals.…”

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Study on the Comprehensive Utilization of Bitter Almond Shell

Li¹,

Chen²,

Yu³

et al. 2014

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A comprehensive process was developed to make full use of the solid and liquid products during the production of activated carbon. Almond shell waste was modified with phosphoric acid and thermally treated to give activated carbon. Wood vinegar was generated and collected within the temperature range of 90 to 500 °C, and the maximum amount of the wood vinegar was in the range of 170 to 370 °C, which also gave the strongest anti-pathogens activities with the lowest pH and the highest organic acid content. The remaining residue after wood vinegar generation was further calcined in inert atmosphere to obtain high surface area activated carbon. The pre-treatment of almond shell with H3PO4 leads to the higher surface area, but H3PO4 solution with concentration more than 40% does not increase the surface area further. The impregnation of H3PO4 helps the formation of pores in the almond shell during the calcination, and gives higher iodine number and methylene blue sorption capacity of the resultant activated carbon materials. Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; b: Guangzhou Boxenergytech Ltd, Guangzhou Hightech Zone, P R China; c: Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, OX1 3QR, UK; * Corresponding authors: zhaozh@nwsuaf.edu.cn; xiao.tiancun@chem.ox.ac.uk Keywords: Almond shell; Activated carbon; Wood vinegar; Comprehensive utilization Contact information: a: Key Laboratory of Environment and Ecology in Western China of Ministry of INTRODUCTIONAlmond is the general name of Prunus dulcis or Prunus amygdalus L. Almond fruit consists of the hull, shell, and kernel (nut). The almond tree can grow to a height of seven to ten meters, and it has been a main source of almond fruit worldwide (Schirra 1997;Choudhari et al. 2013). It has been estimated that the annual output in north China is up to 40 thousand tons, and the amount has tended to increase due to a strong demand for the fruit (Wang et al. 2010). During the harvest period, the hull and kernel are the desirable products; the almond shell consists of 70% of the dry mass of a whole almond fruit. These nutshells can be collected on a community basis for reuse Gonzalez et al. 2005;Izquierdo et al. 2011; Meenakshi Sundaram and Sivakumar 2012;Pirayesh and Khazaeian 2012;Tiryaki et al. 2014). Almond nutshells are abundant, inexpensive and readily available lignocellulosic materials, which contain a high content of carbon and other renewable chemicals. There have been many studies on converting almond shell into activated carbons (Gonzalez-Vilchez et al. 1979; RodriguezReinoso et al. 1982;Linares-Solano et al. 1984;Rodriguez-Reinoso et al. 1984;Torregrosa and Martin-Martinez 1991;Hayashi et al. 2002;Toles and Marshall 2002;Gonzalez et al. 2005 4994 Yuso et al. 2014). Gonzalez et al. (2009) carried out a study of the pyrolysis of various biomass residues including almond shell for the production of activated carbons. It was shown that the four biomass residues used are versatile precursors that allow the preparatio...

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Using almond (Prunus amygdalus L.) shell as a bio-waste resource in wood based composite

Cited by 122 publications

References 19 publications

Thermal Analysis and Morphological Characterization of Thermoplastic Composites Filled with Almond Shell Flour/Montmorillonite

Thermal Analysis and Morphological Characterization of Thermoplastic Composites Filled with Almond Shell Flour/Montmorillonite

Evaluation of highly filled epoxy composites modified with walnut shell waste filler

Study on the Comprehensive Utilization of Bitter Almond Shell

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