“…The researchers have conducted a review study on literature that reported the challenges of multiple stakeholders in online education. Prior studies conducted literature reviews and reported the challenges of a variety of stakeholders, such as college students (Sailsman, 2020), instructors (Islam et al, 2015), and both noninstructors (e.g., students, administrators of the institutions) and instructors (Alhttp://ijlter.org/index.php/ijlter Samarraie, 2019;de Lima et al, 2018;Kebritchi et al, 2017;Rasheed et al, 2020), in online education before the COVID-19 pandemic occurred. Similarly, recent review studies showed the challenges faced by stakeholders, such as college students, instructors, and administrators from higher education (Aini et al, 2020;Mseleku, 2020), and students and instructors from both secondary and tertiary educations (Pokhrel & Chhetri, 2021), in online education during the COVID-19 pandemic.…”