Using biopolymers to strengthen the historical printed paper: mechanical and optical characters

et al. 2021

PRT

Purpose The purpose of this study is to determine the nature of archaeological papyrus damage and monitoring the mechanics of damage caused by black inks to the chemical properties of ancient papyrus. Design/methodology/approach This study the papyrus surface with a digital microscopy “USB,” examination and analyzing by “Scanning Electron Microscope,” characterization of black ink used in writing the ancient papyrus using “Scanning Electron Microscopy” with (EDX). Detection of changes in the chemical bonds of ancient papyrus samples by “Fourier transform infrared” FTIR. Findings The result confirmed that SEM examination showed the organization of the parenchyma cells that make up papyrus tissue. Characteristic waveform appears, it indicates the ancient Egyptian manufacturer’s use of the (Strips Method) in the process of manufacturing the archaeological papyrus. Also, the appearance of (Over Lapping) stacking of papyrus slides. EDX analysis showed that the black ink used to write the papyrus was (Carbon Ink). High oxygen content in the papyrus sample analysis indicates deterioration of the cellulose fibers. FTIR spectrum showed that Arabic gum is the bonding material for carbon ink particles, it also showed that archaeological papyrus suffers from hydrolysis due to exposure of papyrus fibers to high moisture content or direct water, resulting in smudge, bleeding and fading of carbon ink on the archaeological papyrus support. Originality/value The study is archaeological papyrus with black ink scripts from the excavation of the Qasr I brim.

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Damage caused by black inks to the chemical properties of archaeological papyrus – analytical study

Mazen

Ismail²,

et al. 2021

PRT

“…After ageing: by comparing the wavenumbers of the spectrum breadth of stretching O-H for all treated samples at different concentrations after ageing, it was observed that the wavenumber of O-H decreased in both concentrations at 1%, and 3% with 3322 cm −1 , and 3336 cm −1 , respectively. The slight decrease in the broadening of O-H stretching band confirms the breakdown of some of the hydrogen bonds 69,77 . On the other hand, the aged treated sample at 5% gave a slight increase with 3341 cm −1 .…”

Section: Fourier Transform Infrared Analysis (Ftir)mentioning

confidence: 75%

“…In contrast, the wavenumber of OH stretching for the treated sample at 1% decreased from 3338 cm −1 to 3332 cm −1 . The decrease in the broadening of O-H stretching band for the treated sample at 1% referred to the breakdown of some of the hydrogen bonds 69,77 .…”

Section: Fourier Transform Infrared Analysis (Ftir)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential effects of nano-cellulose and nano-silica/polyvinyl alcohol nanocomposites in the strengthening of dyed paper manuscripts with madder: an experimental study

Abdel-Hamied

Salem

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

In the present work, the composite cross-linked were used to consolidate the dyed paper manuscripts. Nanocomposites of mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MPSNP)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and cellulose nanofiber (CNF)/PVA, which have never been used before, have been evaluated for the consolidation process of the dyed paper manuscripts with madder extract. Three concentrations 1%, 3%, and 5% have been prepared. Analysis and investigation methods like scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), dynamic light scattering analysis (DLS), X-Ray diffraction Analysis (XRD), atomic force microscope (AFM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and total color difference (ΔE) by spectrophotometer have been used in order to characterize the prepared nano-sized composites and evaluate the treated dyed paper samples before and after the aging process. The results of surface morphology by SEM revealed the effectiveness of MPSNP/PVA core–shell nanocomposite at 5% in the consolidation process, where the improvement of properties of the aged dyed paper samples. The fibers of the treated paper became strong and appeared clearly. The result of ΔE measurements showed that the treated sample with MPSNP/PVA nanocomposite at 5% gave the lowest ΔE (5.22), while, the treated sample with CNF/PVA nanocomposite at 5% gave the highest ΔE value (11.66). Mechanical measurements (tensile strength and elongation) revealed the efficiency of MPSNP/PVA nanocomposite at 5% in the treatment of the aged dyed paper samples. The treated sample with the mentioned material gave tensile strength and elongation values of 84.8 N/nm2 and 1.736%, respectively. In contrast, the treated sample with CNF/PVA nanocomposite at 1% gave the lowest tensile strength and elongation values 38.2 N/nm2, and 1.166%, respectively. FTIR analysis revealed an increase was noticed in the CH2 stretching band (refers to the crystallinity of cellulose), where the intensity of the treated sample with MPSNP/PVA nanocomposite was at a 5% increase compared to the control sample. The FTIR results supported the results of mechanical measurements. The intensity of the CH2 stretching band, which refers to the crystallinity index of cellulose, was increased with the use of MPSNP/PVA nanocomposite at 3% and 5%, which explains the improvement in mechanical properties. This may be due to the nano-mineral particles, which improve the mechanical properties. Additionally, they reduce the effect of accelerated thermal aging on the cellulosic fibers and give them stability. The detailed analysis of analytical methods used for evaluation revealed the novelty of MPSNP/PVA nanocomposite, especially at 5%. It has a potential role in strengthening and improving different properties of the dyed paper manuscripts with madder extract.

“…Under accelerated ageing of cellulose, the main chemical pathways for cellulose degradation are hydrolysis and oxidation. In the hydrolysis process, the water in cellulose cells spontaneously ionizes into H3O + and hydroxyl groups (OH -) (Hassan 2016;Speight 2018;Noshy et al 2021). In the presence of dust particles (basic salt), free radicals in salt such sodium or copper react very little with the hydroxide ions (OH−), whereas hydronium ions combine with the acetate ions to produce acetic acid (CH3COOH), which reduces the pH of cellulose fibers.…”

Section: Scanning Electron Microscopementioning

confidence: 99%

Application of frankincense and rice starch as eco-friendly substances for the resizing of paper as a conservation practice

Mahmoud

Karam

et al. 2021

BioRes

Smart, environmentally friendly alternatives, i.e., frankincense and rice starch, are recommended for usage in modern paper conservation processes during the re-sizing process treatments. Different concentrations of frankincense and rice starch were applied to paper samples before and after ageing. Multiple analysis methods were performed to ensure the effectiveness of these materials. Promising results were found, but at varying degrees according to the type and concentration of the materials. Scanning electron microscopy illustrated that the frankincense particles were completely absorbed into the cell walls after ageing. Results indicated that there was no considerable change in pH before and after treatment or ageing; the best results for decreasing the acidity utilized a treatment with a mixture of frankincense and rice starch in a 2 to 1 ratio (F2S1). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy illustrated an increased CH2 region and decreased OH stretching as a result of the bonds formed from the starch and crystals formed by frankincense, which agreed with the increased coating and strength of the paper fibers. The total color change values of all the treated samples after ageing were less than 4.5. Frankincense was found to provide strength in supporting wood fibers.