Using chlorite ion to control nitrification

McGuire, Michael J.; Lieu, Nancy I.; Pearthree, Marie S.

doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1999.tb08715.x

Cited by 43 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 5 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…When monochloramine was stable, less Pb(II) was released. The need to control nitrification in chloraminated waters is being recognized (Douglas & Muylwyk, 2007; Burlingame et al, 2006; McGuire et al, 1999; Kirmeyer et al, 1995), and the significance of non‐carbonate anions such as chloride and sulfate has been studied (Edwards & Triantafyllidou, 2007; Lytle & Schock, 2007). Boyd and colleagues (2008; 2006) provided a comprehensive summary of the potential effects of changing disinfectants on lead and copper release, with emphasis on changes in oxidation–reduction potential, Pb(IV) formation, and destabilization.…”

Section: Historical Background Of Internal Corrosion Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water conditioning for LCR compliance and control of metals release in San Francisco's water system

Wilczak¹,

Hokanson²,

Trussell³

et al. 2010

Journal AWWA

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The experience of the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission (SFPUC) demonstrates that maintaining high pH (target pH 9.4 for Hetch Hetchy water and pH 8.6 and 8.9 for other water supplies) is an appropriate corrosion control treatment to comply with the Lead and Copper Rule (LCR) and to control metals release in low‐alkalinity water and is more effective than adjusting the Langelier saturation index or augmenting alkalinity. A survey of corrosion control treatment for utilities treating soft, low‐alkalinity waters found that high pH has been successful in minimizing the release of lead and copper from plumbing. The combination of water quality and distribution system conditions at SFPUC is such that a switch from free to combined chlorine had no effect on lead and copper release and LCR compliance. The analysis presented here was originally developed as part of a project and compliance report to the California Department of Public Health to evaluate corrosion control treatment at SFPUC following systemwide chloramination and fluoridation. Additional historical information and more recent water quality data are provided to complement the analysis.

show abstract

Section: Historical Background Of Internal Corrosion Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water conditioning for LCR compliance and control of metals release in San Francisco's water system

Wilczak¹,

Hokanson²,

Trussell³

et al. 2010

Journal AWWA

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…ClO 2 does not react with ammonia or primary or secondary amines (Thompson, 1993). However, it oxidizes nitrite ion into nitrate ion, and it was shown that chlorite ion (ClO 2 ‐ ) inactivates ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria (McGuire et al, 1999). As a result, ClO 2 may be effective as a distribution disinfectant to control nitrification.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlorite and Chlorate ion variability IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

Baribeau¹,

Prévost²,

Desjardins³

et al. 2002

Journal AWWA

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This study tracked changes in chlorite ion (ClO2–) and chlorate ion (ClO3–) concentrations in the distribution system of the City of Laval, Québec, following use of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) or free chlorine. Water was collected in small‐ and large‐diameter pipes with respect to the residence time of each sampling point. In the network fed by a treatment plant using ClO2 in postdisinfection, ClO2– concentrations decreased with increasing water residence time. In the networks fed by treatment plants using free chlorine in postdisinfection, ClO2– levels remained below the method detection limit (MDL). ClO3– concentrations measured in the network following ClO2 postdisinfection were found to be either below the MDL or stable at a low level (0.09 mg/L) in cold water; ClO3– levels decreased slightly in warm water with increasing residence time. In the networks using free chlorine as a postdisinfectant, ClO3– levels showed significant variations in their overall concentrations during different samplings or with specific changes in their concentration related to residence time.

show abstract

“…This supports our proposal to use raw water nitrate data to supplement finished water data for individual water supplies using lakes, reservoirs or alluvial groundwater, in order to strengthen exposure classifications. While we found no difference in raw vs. finished nitrate levels in surface supplies (rivers) that chloraminate (n = 13), nitrification has been reported in distribution systems of utilities using chloramines (McGuire et al, 1999). Municipal supplies that chloraminate should therefore be considered separately in exposure assessments of drinking water nitrate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Nitrate reduction is accomplished either by mixing raw water from an alternate source that has little or no nitrate with the higher nitrate source water, or by nitrate removal via ion exchange or reverse osmosis. Conversely, nitrate levels in finished water may be inadvertently increased when chloramination is part of the disinfection treatment process (McGuire et al, 1999). Municipal water utilities that do not actively remove nitrate during treatment generally do not mix a lower nitrate alternate raw water when their main source raw water nitrate levels are below the EPA drinking water standard.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Nitrate Levels in Raw Water and Finished Water from Historical Monitoring Data on Iowa Municipal Drinking Water Supplies

Weyer¹,

Smith²,

Feng³

et al. 2006

Environ Monit Assess

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Nitrate contamination of water sources is a concern where large amounts of nitrogen fertilizers are regularly applied to soils. Ingested nitrate from dietary sources and drinking water can be converted to nitrite and ultimately to N-nitroso compounds, many of which are known carcinogens. Epidemiologic studies of drinking water nitrate and cancer report mixed findings; a criticism is the use of nitrate concentrations from retrospective drinking water data to assign exposure levels. Residential point-of-use nitrate data are scarce; gaps in historical data for municipal supply finished water hamper exposure classification efforts. We used generalized linear regression models to estimate and compare historical raw water and finished water nitrate levels (1960s-1990s) in single source Iowa municipal supplies to determine whether raw water monitoring data could supplement finished water data to improve exposure assessment. Comparison of raw water and finished water samples (same sampling date) showed a significant difference in nitrate levels in municipalities using rivers; municipalities using other surface water or alluvial groundwater had no difference in nitrate levels. A regional aggregation of alluvial groundwater municipalities was constructed based on results from a previous study showing regional differences in nitrate contamination of private wells; results from this analysis were mixed, dependent upon region and decade. These analyses demonstrate using historical raw water nitrate monitoring data to supplement finished water data for exposure assessment is appropriate for individual Iowa municipal supplies using alluvial groundwater, lakes or reservoirs. Using alluvial raw water data on a regional basis is dependent on region and decade.

show abstract

Using chlorite ion to control nitrification

Cited by 43 publications

References 5 publications

Water conditioning for LCR compliance and control of metals release in San Francisco's water system

Water conditioning for LCR compliance and control of metals release in San Francisco's water system

Chlorite and Chlorate ion variability IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

Comparison of Nitrate Levels in Raw Water and Finished Water from Historical Monitoring Data on Iowa Municipal Drinking Water Supplies

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About