Using Gaze Behavior to Measure Cognitive Load

Perkhofer, Lisa; Lehner, Othmar M.

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-01087-4_9

Cited by 30 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Additional research should aim to reduce the fixation duration in order to relieve the working memory during process model comprehension. On the other hand, a reduction of the number of fixations can be investigated as it is an indication for a high confronted cognitive complexity [ 57 ]. The reduction in both, fixation and respective duration, should lead to more available capacity in the working memory, enabling a more effective process model comprehension.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applying Eye Movement Modeling Examples to Guide Novices’ Attention in the Comprehension of Process Models

et al. 2021

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Process models are crucial artifacts in many domains, and hence, their proper comprehension is of importance. Process models mediate a plethora of aspects that are needed to be comprehended correctly. Novices especially face difficulties in the comprehension of process models, since the correct comprehension of such models requires process modeling expertise and visual observation capabilities to interpret these models correctly. Research from other domains demonstrated that the visual observation capabilities of experts can be conveyed to novices. In order to evaluate the latter in the context of process model comprehension, this paper presents the results from ongoing research, in which gaze data from experts are used as Eye Movement Modeling Examples (EMMEs) to convey visual observation capabilities to novices. Compared to prior results, the application of EMMEs improves process model comprehension significantly for novices. Novices achieved in some cases similar performances in process model comprehension to experts. The study’s insights highlight the positive effect of EMMEs on fostering the comprehension of process models.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applying Eye Movement Modeling Examples to Guide Novices’ Attention in the Comprehension of Process Models

et al. 2021

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“…The working digital prototypes of all the UI designs were developed in the grayscale color scheme using Adobe XD to display the O-BMI systems on a 27-inch (61.75 cm × 37.12 cm) monitor in a full HD resolution (1920 × 1080 pixels). The screen recorder RecMaster (Suzhou Aunbox Software Co., Ltd., Suzhou, China) and the eye-tracking system faceLABTM (Seeing Machine, Canberra, Australia), which has two infra-red cameras and a calibration board, were used to measure the task completion time and scan-path length of a participant for each task to objectively evaluate the usability of the UI designs [26,27]. The task completion time (the duration to complete each task) was measured by reviewing a recorded screen video.…”

Section: Apparatusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of an Ergonomic User Interface Design of Calcium Imaging Processing System

et al. 2022

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An optical brain-machine interface (O-BMI) system using calcium imaging has various advantages such as high resolution, a comprehensive view of large neural populations, abilities such as long-term stable recording, and applicability to freely behaving animals in neuroscience research. The present study developed an ergonomic user interface (UI) design, based on a use scenario for an O-BMI system that can be used for the acquisition and processing of calcium imaging in freely behaving rodents. The UI design was developed in three steps: (1) identification of design and function requirements of users, (2) establishment of a use scenario, and (3) development of a UI prototype. The UI design requirements were identified by a literature review, a benchmark of existing systems, and a focus group interview with five neuroscience researchers. Then, the use scenario was developed for tasks of data acquisition, feature extraction, and neural decoding for offline and online processing by considering the sequences of operations and needs of users. Lastly, a digital prototype incorporating an information architecture, graphic user interfaces, and simulated functions was fabricated. A usability test was conducted with five neuroscientists (work experience = 3.4 ± 1.1 years) and five ergonomic experts (work experience = 3.6 ± 2.7 years) to compare the digital prototypes with four existing systems (Miniscope, nVista, Mosaic, and Suite2p). The usability testing results showed that the ergonomic UI design was significantly preferred to the UI designs of the existing systems by reducing the task completion time by 10.1% to 70.2% on average, the scan path length by 14.4% to 88.7%, and perceived workload by 12.2% to 37.9%, increasing satisfaction by 11.3% to 74.3% in data acquisition and signal-extraction tasks. The present study demonstrates the significance of the user-centered design approach in the development of a system for neuroscience research. Further research is needed to validate the usability test results of the UI prototype as a corresponding real system is implemented.

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“…Objectivity and transparency are crucial to this scenario. In a complexity scenario, with an abundance of big data, the data processing would easily exceed the human cognitive capabilities, leading to an information overload (Falschlunger et al , 2016; Perkhofer and Lehner, 2019). A different support by AI seems appropriate in terms of the data analysis of unidentified features and correlations (Quattrone, 2016) to guide the decision-making (Huttunen et al , 2019), with the support of clever visualisations (Falschlunger et al , 2015).…”

Section: Human–machine Collaborationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Limits of artificial intelligence in controlling and the ways forward: a call for future accounting research

Losbichler

Lehner

2021

JAAR

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PurposeLooking at the limits of artificial intelligence (AI) and controlling based on complexity and system-theoretical deliberations, the authors aimed to derive a future outlook of the possible applications and provide insights into a future complementary of human–machine information processing. Derived from these examples, the authors propose a research agenda in five areas to further the field.Design/methodology/approachThis article is conceptual in its nature, yet a theoretically informed semi-systematic literature review from various disciplines together with empirically validated future research questions provides the background of the overall narration.FindingsAI is found to be severely limited in its application to controlling and is discussed from the perspectives of complexity and cybernetics. A total of three such limits, namely the Bremermann limit, the problems with a partial detectability and controllability of complex systems and the inherent biases in the complementarity of human and machine information processing, are presented as salient and representative examples. The authors then go on and carefully illustrate how a human–machine collaboration could look like depending on the specifics of the task and the environment. With this, the authors propose different angles on future research that could revolutionise the application of AI in accounting leadership.Research limitations/implicationsFuture research on the value promises of AI in controlling needs to take into account physical and computational effects and may embrace a complexity lens.Practical implicationsAI may have severe limits in its application for accounting and controlling because of the vast amount of information in complex systems.Originality/valueThe research agenda consists of five areas that are derived from the previous discussion. These areas are as follows: organisational transformation, human–machine collaboration, regulation, technological innovation and ethical considerations. For each of these areas, the research questions, potential theoretical underpinnings as well as methodological considerations are provided.

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Using Gaze Behavior to Measure Cognitive Load

Cited by 30 publications

References 23 publications

Applying Eye Movement Modeling Examples to Guide Novices’ Attention in the Comprehension of Process Models

Applying Eye Movement Modeling Examples to Guide Novices’ Attention in the Comprehension of Process Models

Development of an Ergonomic User Interface Design of Calcium Imaging Processing System

Limits of artificial intelligence in controlling and the ways forward: a call for future accounting research

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