Fiber reinforced composites can meet the needs of lightweight, heavy load, long-span, high strength, and modern structures and work under strict conditions. Therefore, it is widely used in various fields. Sports equipment generally cannot meet the requirements of high-strength use, so there is an urgent need for new fiber materials to make these instruments. Aiming at improving the efficiency of measurement and the reliability of measurement results, this paper studies the quantitative characterization method of the microstructure of short fiber reinforced composites. The swept-frequency OCT system is a newly developed high-resolution biomedical imaging system. The method of this paper is to study the performance parameters of swept frequency OCT system, deduce the application of image processing technology in fiber material detection, and then study the detection of residual strength and residual stiffness of composites, so as to obtain a composite material detection method that can be popularized. On this basis, image processing and performance analysis of the composites were carried out, and the composites were tested. And the prospect of application in this field has been analyzed. The experimental results show that better fiber length can be obtained by this method, and the maximum relative error is only 4.5%, thus ensuring the accurate determination of fiber length. Calculations were carried out using the experimental data, and the results showed that the performance of the sports product increased from 15.4% to 48.6% with the graphite-rubber composite. Using this material can improve the comprehensive performance of sports equipment by 2.1%∼4.5%.