Using magnetic fields to control convection during protein crystallization—analysis and validation studies

Stability of magnetically suppressed solutal convection in crystal growth from solutions

“…As reported in Ref. [11], point A was vertically unstable and the paramagnetic stream split in two with some going up and some down. This is consistent with the force vectors depicted in Fig.…”

“…In the experiments reported in Ref. [11] a test cell filled with water (a diamagnetic fluid with w o o0) was used. A paramagnetic solution of 10% manganese chloride (w40) was injected into the test cell and its behavior photographed.…”

“…Ramachandran and Leslie [11] showed that magnetic control of solutal convection during crystallization of lysozyme protein requires a large critical magnetic field, $19 T 2 /cm, which is beyond the capability of most available superconducting magnets. This is the case when the crystallization is carried out using a diamagnetic protein solution.…”

“…Although the flow was reduced in some regions, complete cessation of the flow was not observed. Ramachandran and Leslie [11] performed experiments in solutal convection and showed that a magnetic field could be used to halt vertical or horizontal motion locally. In their studies, they looked at the behavior of a weakly paramagnetic fluid (manganese chloride solution) that was injected into a diamagnetic fluid (water).…”

Performance evaluation of ceiling crystallization for suppressing buoyancy-induced convection in mass transfer applications: An interferometric study

“…Of notable interests are the studies reported by Yin et al [11] and Ramachandran and Leslie [12] wherein the authors performed crystal growth experiments under the influence of strong magnetic fields for mimicking microgravity environment and to suppress buoyancyinduced convections currents. Similarly, studies concerned with the application of magnetic field for suppressing Rayleigh-Benard convection in a differentially-heated cubic enclosure have also been reported in the literature [13].…”