Using Multidimensional Encoding and Retrieval Contexts to Enhance Our Understanding of Stochastic Dependence in Source Memory

Hicks, Jason L.; Starns, Jeffrey J.

doi:10.1016/bs.plm.2014.09.004

Cited by 12 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…Consistent with much of the prior work on multidimensional source memory (Hicks & Starns, 2015), location decision performance was correlated with Note. BR^|R is the proportion of Bright^decisions given items studied on the right; BR^|L is the proportion of Bright^decisions given items studied on the left.…”

supporting

confidence: 67%

“…As we have argued elsewhere (Hicks & Starns, 2015;Starns & Hicks, 2005), these patterns of stochastic dependence in Experiments 1A and 2 reflect the likelihood that on some encoding trials, the face and location information were bound successfully with the stimulus word without necessarily being bound to one another. The fact that such dependence essentially doubled from Experiment 1A (about a 7 % difference between gender-correct vs. gender-incorrect) to Experiment 2 (about a 14 % difference) reinforces the notion that encoding factors are primarily responsible for these differences.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to traditional one-dimensional source paradigms, multidimensional paradigms have been used increasingly to study the binding during encoding of items or objects to sources and the binding of sources to other sources (for a recent review, see Hicks & Starns, 2015). By multidimensional, we mean the learning of information from at least two separable dimensions that are manipulated orthogonally.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Successful cuing of gender source memory does not improve location source memory

Hicks

Starns

2016

Mem Cogn

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In three experiments we explored crossdimensional cuing effects in a multidimensional source encoding and retrieval paradigm. We employed a biascontrolled experimental method of source cuing at retrieval (Starns & Hicks, 2013) in an attempt to improve retrieval of location information indirectly by cuing gender information. Encoded words were situated on the left or right side of a computer monitor and associated with either a male or a female face. When multiple faces were used across the set of encoded words, reinstating the correct face at retrieval alongside an incorrect, opposite-gender face cue improved male/ female source decisions for test words. However, this powerful test cue did not improve memory for the encoded location of the words, suggesting that within-dimension cuing does not produce cross-dimensional cuing. This null outcome was found when gender decisions were required (Experiments 1A and 2) or not required (Experiment 1B) prior to location decisions. Nor was cross-dimension cuing found when subjects were told to expect a source test of both gender and location information at retrieval (Experiment 2). Our findings reinforce prior work demonstrating that multiple context dimensions can be bound to item information without any direct binding between the contexts.

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confidence: 67%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Successful cuing of gender source memory does not improve location source memory

Hicks

Starns

2016

Mem Cogn

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“…Evidence from the long-term source-memory literature also suggests that there is a degree of asymmetry in relation to how source details are bound to items, with information about color and 14 location being directly, but independently, bound to item information, but not each other (Starns & Hicks, 2005; see Hicks & Starns, 2015 for a review). This lack of coherency and symmetry in item-based representations might underlie the decreases in dependency seen over time in Brady et al (2013).…”

Section: Forgetting Of Coherent Event Representationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

United we fall: All-or-none forgetting of complex episodic events

Joensen¹,

Gaskell²,

Horner³

2018

Preprint

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Do complex event representations fragment over time or are they, instead, forgotten in an all-or-none manner? For example, if we met a friend in a café and they gave us a present, do we forget the constituent elements of this event (location, person and object) independently, or would the whole event be forgotten as one? Research suggests that item-based memories are forgotten in a fragmented manner. However, we do not know how more complex episodic, ‘event-based’ memories are forgotten. We assessed both retrieval accuracy and dependency – the statistical association between the retrieval successes of different elements from the same event – for complex events. Across 4 experiments, we show that retrieval dependency is found both immediately after learning and following a 12-hour and 1-week delay. Further, the amount of retrieval dependency after a delay is greater than that predicted by a model of independent forgetting. This dependency was only seen for coherent ‘closed-loops’, where all pairwise associations between locations, people and objects were encoded. When ‘open-loops’ were learnt, where only two out of the three possible associations were encoded, no dependency was seen immediately after learning nor after a delay. Finally, we also provide evidence for higher retention rates for closed-loops than open-loops. Therefore, closed-loops do not fragment as a function of forgetting, and are retained for longer than open-loops. Our findings suggest that coherent episodic events are not only retrieved, but also forgotten, in an all-or-none manner.

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“…Stochastic dependence in context retrieval is present when retrieval of one context feature (e.g., spatial position) is more likely if the other context feature (e.g., gender) is successfully retrieved (e.g., Meiser & Bröder, 2002). Stochastic dependence has been shown across several experiments and manipulations (for an overview see, e.g., Hicks & Starns, 2015), but there are different alternative explanations of this phenomenon.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing Hypotheses About Binding in Context Memory With a Hierarchical Multinomial Modeling Approach

Arnold

Heck

Bröder

et al. 2019

Experimental Psychology

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Abstract. In experiments on multidimensional source memory, a stochastic dependency of source memory for different facets of an episode has been repeatedly demonstrated. This may suggest an integrated representation leading to mutual cuing in context retrieval. However, experiments involving a manipulated reinstatement of one source feature have often failed to affect retrieval of the other feature, suggesting unbound features or rather item-feature binding. The stochastic dependency found in former studies might be a spurious correlation due to aggregation across participants varying in memory strength. We test this artifact explanation by applying a hierarchical multinomial model. Observing stochastic dependency when accounting for interindividual differences would rule out the artifact explanation. A second goal is to elucidate the nature of feature binding: Contrasting encoding conditions with integrated feature judgments versus separate feature judgments are expected to induce different levels of stochastic dependency despite comparable overall source memory if integrated representations include feature-feature binding. The experiment replicated the finding of stochastic dependency and, thus, ruled out an artifact interpretation. However, we did not find different levels of stochastic dependency between conditions. Therefore, the current findings do not reveal decisive evidence to distinguish between the feature-feature binding and the item-context binding account.

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Using Multidimensional Encoding and Retrieval Contexts to Enhance Our Understanding of Stochastic Dependence in Source Memory

Cited by 12 publications

References 70 publications

Successful cuing of gender source memory does not improve location source memory

Successful cuing of gender source memory does not improve location source memory

United we fall: All-or-none forgetting of complex episodic events

Testing Hypotheses About Binding in Context Memory With a Hierarchical Multinomial Modeling Approach

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