Using Multiscale Entropy to Assess the Efficacy of Local Cooling on Reactive Hyperemia in People with a Spinal Cord Injury

Liao, Fuyuan; Yang, Tim D.; Wu, Fu Lien; Cao, Chunmei; Mohamed, Ayman A.; Jan, Yih‐Kuen

doi:10.3390/e21010090

Cited by 12 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(74 reference statements)

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“…Reactive hyperemia has been conventionally quantified using time-do main parameters such as peak hyperemia, time to peak hyperemia and total hyperemic response [17] [18] [29]. These parameters provide a description of the response but may exh ibit large inter-and intrasubject variations [17] [18] [25]. Time to peak hyperemia is proposed to reveal the vascular resistance [6] [31].…”

Section: Fig 1 -Filtered Sb Fr Signals Which Indicate the Three DI Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Frequency domain features includ ing FFT have been utilized in in vestigating the activities of the regulatory mechanis m of skin blood flow [6] [18]. Time series signal can be decomposed into a finite number of periodic oscillations with different frequencies and phases which reveals the power spectrum.…”

Section: Frequency Domain Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence the signal is broken up into short-time segments and FFT is applied on each segment. This approach is termed as Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT) [18]. STFT evaluates the frequency changes of a signal over time.…”

Section: Frequency Domain Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…acknowledged that the main etiology of PU is local ischemia [6] [12] [13] [16][17]. Tissue ischemia theory suggests that tissue ischemia is caused by the occlusion of blood capillaries due to external pressure that leads to ischemic damage of weight-bearing t issue [18]. Prolonged unrelieved pressure is thought to be the primary causative factor that results in decreased blood flow and tissue ischemia.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…the magnitude square of STFT, St (w). A 128-second Hanning window h(ꞇ) was selected to ensure good time resolution of SBFR signal s(ꞇ)[18] …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Skin Blood Flow Response Signal Using Time and Frequency Domain Features for Pressure Ulcer Evaluation

Ramli

Kamil

Ahmad

et al. 2019

IJIE

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People with limited mob ility such as the elderly in long-term care and home care are exposed to severe illness such as Pressure Ulcer (PU). Malaysian Registry of Intensive Care (M RIC) reported that the rate of pressure ulcer in Malaysia was 3.4 per 1000 ICU days [1] and increases year by year. PU can occur within the first two weeks for patients in ICU [2]. When skin is broken over pressure area leading to Stage 4, the cost of treating pressure ulcer can be very expensive [2]. PU is also related to mortality. Several research [2] has found that mortality rates for hospitalized patient are higher when they are subjected to pressure ulcer. Develop ment of PU can be worsened by prolonged external pressure loading on the soft-tissues [3-5], friction and [4-7] and also shear forces [4-6]. Those factors may lead to localized ischemia [6] [8] and capillaries occlusion [9] which results in tissue damage [10-11]. Several studies have established the relationship between mechanical loading and t issue condition including reperfusion injury [12], inflammation [13], ly mphatic drainage [14], impaired interstitial fluid flow and sustained swelling of cells [15]. However, many studies Abstract: Pressure Ulcer (PU) is an area of the skin in which cutaneous tissue is compromised and there is progressive damage on the underlying tissue caused by blood flow obstruction due to prolonged externa l direct pressure. Research has shown that ischemic stress response can be evaluated using skin blood flow response (SBFR) signal features which are useful for pressure ulcer evaluation. Trends of peak reactive hyperemia (RH) were observed for three repetitive loading-unloading cycles in prev ious animal study to investigate tissue recovery. However, t issue recovery and tissue damage cannot be discriminated by the trends of pe ak RH fo r short recovery time. The trends of alternative time-domain SBFR features such i.e total hyperemic response as well as frequencydomain features using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT) i.e total power spectrum are further investigated to indicate tissue recovery. The results show that total hyperaemic response outperforms peak RH at detecting insufficient tissue recovery with 72% of samples with increasing trend in the short recovery time group compared to 57% of samples for peak RH. Total hy peremic response is effective at discriminating insufficient recovery time while other investigated features are only effective at dete cting sufficient recovery time.

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Section: Fig 1 -Filtered Sb Fr Signals Which Indicate the Three DI Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Frequency Domain Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Frequency Domain Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…the magnitude square of STFT, St (w). A 128-second Hanning window h(ꞇ) was selected to ensure good time resolution of SBFR signal s(ꞇ)[18] …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Skin Blood Flow Response Signal Using Time and Frequency Domain Features for Pressure Ulcer Evaluation

Ramli

Kamil

Ahmad

et al. 2019

IJIE

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The effects of local cooling rates on perfusion of sacral skin under externally applied pressure in people with spinal cord injury: an exploratory study

Jan

2019

Spinal Cord

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Evaluation of the optimal cooling temperature for the face measured by the tissue perfusion during hilotherapy using laser Doppler spectrophotometry

Peters

Heussen

Herbstmann

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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After craniofacial trauma, symptoms like swelling and pain occur. Cooling reduces these symptoms but the optimal cooling temperature for a maximum benefit without adverse effects is unclear. 30 participants were cooled at 10 °C, 15 °C, 20 °C, 25 °C and 30 °C for 30 min. Before cooling and at 15, 30, 45 and 60 min after cooling, the skin blood flow, oxygen saturation (SO) and haemoglobin concentration (Hb) were measured by laser Doppler spectrophotometry at 2 mm and 8 mm depth. The skin temperature was measured, and the participant’s satisfaction was marked on a visual analogue scale. There were significant differences between males and females in the blood flow, SO and Hb (p < 0.0001). After cooling, the blood flow, SO and Hb was reduced. The measured values rose slightly above the initial values 60 min after cooling. Depending on the cooling temperature the decrease in blood flow, SO and Hb was significantly different. Both sexes were most comfortable with a 25 °C cooling temperature and satisfaction decreased with lower temperatures. Significant differences for the satisfaction between both sexes were measured (10 °C: p < 0.0001, 15 °C: p < 0.0001, 20 °C: p = 0.0168, 25 °C: p = 0.0293). After 60 min, the males and females exhibited mild skin hyperthermia. The optimal cooling temperatures their physiological effects and their perception for females and males were different. For females, around 20 °C is an optimal cooling temperature. For males, it is around 15–20 °C.

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Using Multiscale Entropy to Assess the Efficacy of Local Cooling on Reactive Hyperemia in People with a Spinal Cord Injury

Cited by 12 publications

References 31 publications

Skin Blood Flow Response Signal Using Time and Frequency Domain Features for Pressure Ulcer Evaluation

Skin Blood Flow Response Signal Using Time and Frequency Domain Features for Pressure Ulcer Evaluation

The effects of local cooling rates on perfusion of sacral skin under externally applied pressure in people with spinal cord injury: an exploratory study

Evaluation of the optimal cooling temperature for the face measured by the tissue perfusion during hilotherapy using laser Doppler spectrophotometry

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