Using police seizure data and hyperspectral imagery to estimate the size of an outdoor cannabis industry

Kalácska, Margaret; Bouchard, Martin

doi:10.1080/15614263.2010.536722

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…While there exists a plethora of academic papers that test methods that could theoretically be used for the remote sensing of crime-testing algorithms, detection techniques or spectral reflectances of illicit crops (e.g. [27][28][29]) and smuggling trails [30,31]-there are relatively few studies that document the use of remote sensing in the active reconnaissance of criminal activities. In this section, we review studies of active reconnaissance that exist in peer reviewed journals, as well as in gray literature in relationship to drug production, smuggling and extra-legal migrations.…”

Section: Remotely Sensing Crimementioning

confidence: 99%

Validating the Remotely Sensed Geography of Crime: A Review of Emerging Issues

Kelly

2014

Remote Sensing

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This paper explores the existing literature on the active detection of crimes using remote sensing technologies. The paper reviews sixty-one studies that use remote sensing to actively detect crime. Considering the serious consequences of misidentifying crimes or sites of crimes (e.g., opening that place and its residents up to potentially needless intrusion, intimidation, surveillance or violence), the authors were surprised to find a lack of rigorous validation of the remote sensing methods utilized in these studies. In some cases, validation was not mentioned, while in others, validation was severely hampered by security issues, rough terrain and weather conditions. The paper also considers the potential hazards of the use of Google Earth to identify crimes and criminals. The paper concludes by considering alternate, "second order" validation techniques that could add vital context and understanding to remotely sensed images in a law enforcement context. With this discussion, the authors seek to initiate a discussion on other potential "second order" validation techniques, as well as on the exponential growth of surveillance in our everyday lives.

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Section: Remotely Sensing Crimementioning

confidence: 99%

Validating the Remotely Sensed Geography of Crime: A Review of Emerging Issues

Kelly

2014

Remote Sensing

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“…In the last decade, hyperspectral remote sensing technology has been included in popular study issues. Many articles have been proposed regarding hyperspectral images and spectral analysis since it offers new insight to various application areas such as agriculture [1], medical diagnose [2], illegal drug field detection [3], face recognition [4], and military target detection [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hyperspectral Image Classification Using Kernel Fukunaga-Koontz Transform

Dinç

Bal

2013

Mathematical Problems in Engineering

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This paper presents a novel approach for the hyperspectral imagery (HSI) classification problem, using Kernel Fukunaga-Koontz Transform (K-FKT). The Kernel based Fukunaga-Koontz Transform offers higher performance for classification problems due to its ability to solve nonlinear data distributions. K-FKT is realized in two stages: training and testing. In the training stage, unlike classical FKT, samples are relocated to the higher dimensional kernel space to obtain a transformation from non-linear distributed data to linear form. This provides a more efficient solution to hyperspectral data classification. The second stage, testing, is accomplished by employing the Fukunaga- Koontz Transformation operator to find out the classes of the real world hyperspectral images. In experiment section, the improved performance of HSI classification technique, K-FKT, has been tested comparing other methods such as the classical FKT and three types of support vector machines (SVMs).

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confidence: 99%

“…Another significant shortcoming of plant- 89 based estimates is that they do not account for the practice of using stored water. Although 90 cannabis farms are known to often utilize water storage, to date, detailed data on capacities 91 have been sparse, given limited site access and the difficulty of obtaining these data from aerial 92 imagery [28][29]. An improved estimation of the water demand of cannabis cultivation would 93 account for water that is extracted and stored outside of the growing season, as well as how 94 factors such as water sources shape both when and how much water is extracted and stored.…”

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confidence: 99%

Water storage and irrigation practices associated with cannabis production drive seasonal patterns of water extraction and use in Northern California watersheds

Dillis¹,

McIntee²,

Grantham

et al. 2019

Preprint

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26Concerns have been raised over the impacts of cannabis farms on the environment and 27 water resources in particular, yet data on cultivation practices and water use patterns and have 28 been limited. Estimates of water use for cannabis cultivation have previously relied on 29 extrapolated values of plant water demand, which are unable to account for differences in 30 cultivation practices, variation across the growing season, or the role of water storage in 31 altering seasonal extraction patterns. The current study uses data reported by enrollees in 32 California's North Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (Regional Water Board) Cannabis 33 Program to model how variation in cultivation practices and the use of stored water affect the 34 timing and amount of water extracted from the environment. We found that the supplemental 35 use of stored water resulted in a seasonal pattern of water extraction (i.e. water withdrawals 36 from the environment) that was distinct from water demand (i.e. water applied to plants). 37 Although water input to storage in the off-season months (November through March) reduced 38 water extraction in the growing season (April through October), farms generally did not have 39 sufficient storage to completely forbear from surface water extraction during the growing 40 season. Beginning in 2019, forbearance will be required during this period for those in the 41 regulated cannabis industry. The two most important predictors of storage sufficiency (type of 42 storage infrastructure and seasonality of water source) also had reliable effects on seasonal 43 extraction patterns, further emphasizing the link between water storage and extraction 44 profiles. These findings suggest that resource managers and policy makers should consider the 45 ways in which cultivation practices drive water extraction patterns and how these practices 46 may be influenced by participation in the regulated cannabis industry. 58 California are located in rural landscapes with no access to municipal water supplies, cultivators 59 generally obtain water directly from the environment, relying on local springs, streams, and 60 groundwater wells [10]. Stream flow has been identified as an important limiting factor to 61 salmon, and other sensitive aquatic species in the region, particularly given the seasonal 62 drought of California's Mediterranean Climate [11][12][13][14]. Because cannabis water demands 63 coincide with the summer dry season, agricultural water diversions in the North Coast Region 64 have the potential to reduce stream flows [15][16], increase stream temperatures [17], or even 65 dewater streams during critical life stages of aquatic species [18][19]. Although these streams 66 are highly sensitive to variability in flow rates [20][21], there is a dearth of information 67 surrounding cannabis water use practices, making it difficult to quantify potential 68 environmental impacts. 69 An accurate baseline assessment of water use by cannabis cultivation is particularly 70 import...

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Using police seizure data and hyperspectral imagery to estimate the size of an outdoor cannabis industry

Cited by 7 publications

References 13 publications

Validating the Remotely Sensed Geography of Crime: A Review of Emerging Issues

Validating the Remotely Sensed Geography of Crime: A Review of Emerging Issues

Hyperspectral Image Classification Using Kernel Fukunaga-Koontz Transform

Water storage and irrigation practices associated with cannabis production drive seasonal patterns of water extraction and use in Northern California watersheds

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