Using Single-Forcing GCM Simulations to Reconstruct and Interpret Quaternary Climate Change

Abstract

The long-term climate variations of the Quaternary were primarily influenced by concurrent changes in Earth's orbit, greenhouse gases, and ice sheets. However, because climate changes over the coming century will largely be driven by changes in greenhouse gases alone, it is important to better understand the separate contributions of each of these forcings in the past. To investigate this, idealized equilibrium simulations are conducted in which the climate is driven by separate changes in obliquity, precession, CO 2 , and ice sheets. To test the linearity of past climate change, anomalies from these single-forcing experiments are scaled and summed to compute linear reconstructions of past climate, which are then compared to mid-Holocene and last glacial maximum (LGM) snapshot simulations, where all forcings are applied together, as well as proxy climate records. This comparison shows that much of the climate response may be approximated as a linear response to forcings, while some features, such as modeled changes in sea ice and Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), appear to be heavily influenced by nonlinearities. In regions where the linear reconstructions replicate the full-forcing experiments well, this analysis can help identify how each forcing contributes to the climate response. Monsoons at the mid-Holocene respond strongly to precession, while LGM monsoons are heavily influenced by the altered greenhouse gases and ice sheets. Contrary to previous studies, ice sheets produce pronounced tropical cooling at the LGM. Compared to proxy temperature records, the linear reconstructions replicate long-term changes well and also show which climate variations are not easily explained as direct responses to long-term forcings.

Plio‐Pleistocene Hemispheric (A)Symmetries in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere Midlatitudes

“…Given a secular CO 2 drop and the expansion of the Greenland ice sheet, amplified obliquity sensitivity in Northern Hemisphere SST and in benthic ∂ 18 O across the LPT can be explained by a strengthened ice‐albedo feedback (Lawrence et al, ). In tropical upwelling zones, an amplified obliquity response can be attributed to the subsurface modewaters that are brought to the surface in upwelling zones but form in regions of the subpolar ocean where orbital obliquity dominates both seasonal and annual variations in insolation (Philander, ; Philander & Fedorov, ) or to the far afield impact of ice sheets on tropical temperatures (Erb et al, ).…”

“…ice-albedo feedback (Lawrence et al, 2009). In tropical upwelling zones, an amplified obliquity response can be attributed to the subsurface modewaters that are brought to the surface in upwelling zones but form in regions of the subpolar ocean where orbital obliquity dominates both seasonal and annual variations in insolation (Philander, 2010;Philander & Fedorov, 2003) or to the far afield impact of ice sheets on tropical temperatures (Erb et al, 2015).…”

Asynchrony between Antarctic temperature and CO2 associated with obliquity over the past 720,000 years

“…4b ), which is close to the ca. 2.5 °C changes simulated by a general circulation model 13 . The amplitude of Δ T site is twice as large as that of Δ T source when it is filtered in the obliquity range (Fig.…”

Interpreting Precession‐Driven δ18O Variability in the South Asian Monsoon Region

“…In section 3.2, we use linear combinations of our simulated idealized climatologies to reconstruct long‐term variations in the SASM. As in Erb, Jackson, and Broccoli (), we reconstruct climate change for past periods with different precession and eccentricity using the following equation: …”