Using submerged fermentation to fast increase N6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-adenosine, adenosine and polysaccharide productions of Cordyceps cicadae NTTU 868

Abstract

Cordyceps cicadae is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine for treating palpitations and eye diseases. It contains several bioactive compounds such as adenosine, N6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-adenosine (HEA), and polysaccharide. Those bioactive compounds have been reported to perform anti-oxidation and anti-inflammatory properties and provide renal protection. In this study, we researched different fermentation conditions in order to enhance the biomass, adenosine, HEA, and polysaccharide productions of C. cicadae NTTU 868. Solid fermentation was carried out with different grain substrates (barley, oat, rice and wheat). Various submerged fermentation scales were used to produce the C. cicadae NTTU 868 mycelium. The results of solid fermentation revealed that C. cicadae NTTU 868 produced higher adenosine and HEA concentrations in oat rather than in other substrates. C. cicadae NTTU 868 mycelium had obtained the highest concentrations of adenosine and HEA on Day 2 as using the small-scale submerged fermentation. Furthermore, potato dextrose broth with extra 0.2% of yeast extract was able to result in higher HEA concentration. In conclusion, using submerged fermentation to culture C. cicadae NTTU 868 resulted in more efficient adenosine, HEA, and polysaccharide productions than using solid-fermentation, especially when 0.2% of yeast extract was used in the PDB. Importantly, this can be easily scaled-up in the fermentation industry.

Safety assessment of HEA‐enriched Cordyceps cicadae mycelia on the central nervous system (CNS), cardiovascular system, and respiratory system in ICR male mice

“…After 5 days in culture, 2.10% biomass and 3.90 mg/g HEA content were reached. For residue glucose (R‐Glc) and adenosine, the concentrations start to decrease after Day 2; these two materials were identified as important factors for biomass growth and metabolism (Ke & Lee, 2019 ). We observed that the adenosine concentration decreased during the fermentation; this phenomenon may be due to the conversion of HEA because HEA has been reported as an adenosine analog (Meng et al., 2015 ).…”

“…The HEA content of liquid‐fermented C. cicadae mycelium was 3.90 mg/g, and that in wild and artificial fruiting bodies was 0.29 and 1.37 mg/g, respectively. The values for the other group's fruiting body and liquid fermentation were 1.10 and 1.36 mg/g, respectively (Ke & Lee, 2019 ). Compared with artificial and wild C. cicadae fruiting bodies, liquid‐fermented C. cicadae mycelium possesses the highest HEA value, and no research report has been found with a higher content than this.…”

“…The HEA content of liquid-fermented C. cicadae mycelium was 3.90 mg/g, and that in wild and artificial fruiting bodies was 0.29 and 1.37 mg/g, respectively. The values for the other group's fruiting body and liquid fermentation were 1.10 and 1.36 mg/g, respectively (Ke & Lee, 2019). Compared with artificial and wild C. cicadae fruiting F I G U R E 3 Effects of vehicle (0.5% CMC) and C. cicadae mycelia (1,000 mg/ kg) on home-cage activity in ICR mice, (a) including distance traveled, (b) walking, (c) drinking, (d) feeding, (e) grooming, (f) hanging, (g) rearing up, (h) resting, (i) twitching, and (j) awakening.…”

Effects of Traditional Chinese Medication‐Based Bioactive Compounds on Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Oxidative Stress

“…Cordyceps (Dongchongxiacao) is a genus of ascomycete fungi that has been used for TCM [116]. The polysaccharides contained in Cordyceps have a good ability to scavenge DPPH and ABTS free radicals [101,117].…”

Cordyceps cicadae NTTU 868 Mycelium with The Addition of Bioavailable Forms of Magnesium from Deep Ocean Water Prevents the Aβ40 and Streptozotocin-Induced Memory Deficit via Suppressing Alzheimer’s Disease Risk Factors and Increasing Magnesium Uptake of Brain

“…Cordyceps cicadae, a Chinese traditional food fungus, has antioxidation, anti-inflammation [1], blood sugar regulation (Li et al, 2018), renal function improvement [2,3], liver protection [4], and neuroprotection [5] properties. The functional components of C. cicadae are adenosine, N(6)-(2-Hydroxyethyl) adenosine (HEA), and polysaccharides [6,7], which are proven to have antioxidation, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging properties [8].…”