“…Some researchers employed ARCS model to understand learners' language learning efficiency, and found that students' English achievement was enhanced (Chang & Lehman, 2002;Colakoglu & Akdemir, 2012;Keller, 2009;Liu & Chu, 2010;Ouyang & Xie, 2009;Yang et al, 2008;Wang, 2011) and students' positive learning motivation (Chang & Lehman, 2002;Colakoglu & Akdemir, 2012;Liu & Chu, 2010;Mahadzir & Phung, 2013;Yang et al, 2008;Zou & Chen, 2010), positive English learning attitude (Yang et al, 2008), confidence (Wang, 2011), and autonomy (Qingquan, 2010) were found.…”