“…Visual and pictorial listening tests have been administered regularly by test administrators and the results were contradictory (Wagner, 2010a(Wagner, , 2010bBaltova, 1994;Sueyoshi and Hardison, 2005;Shin, 1998;Gruba, 1997;Coniam, 2001; Kellerman, 1990Kellerman, , 1992Burgoon, 1994;Progosh, 1996). In some studies (e.g., Baltova, 1994;Parry and Meredith, 1984), those test-takers who received the video listening test, scored higher and consequently performed better in the test.…”