Uterine blood flow during various stages of pregnancy in dairy buffaloes using transrectal Doppler ultrasonography

Dairy farm economics relies largely on the establishment and maintenance of pregnancies in the food producing animals (Atkins et al., 2013). The development of pregnancy involves the physiological implantation and angiogenic variations in the maternal vascular system (Kingdom, Huppertz, Seaward, & Kaufmann, 2000), accompanied with the remodelling of the intrinsic vascular changes, leading to the development and growth of the uteroplacental circulation (Kenna, Ronald, & Dinesh, 2017). With the advancement in gestation, the demands for nutrients and oxygen supply of the growing conceptus increase many folds (Rigano et al., 2010), and uteroplacental unit keeps remodelling to these haemodynamic changes to mediate maternal adaptations throughout the gestation length

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

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Evaluation of haemodynamic changes of uterine arteries using Doppler ultrasonography during different stages of pregnancy in Bos indicus cows

Hassan

Arshad

Erdoğan

et al. 2020

“…In cattle reproduction, colour Doppler technique is a useful tool to visualize physiological and pathological processes of the reproductive system (Ginther & Utt, ; Sharma, Mahajan, Singh, & Kumar, ), especially during uterine inflammation where minimal invasion is the requirement (Ginther, ). A lower RI indicates higher perfusion to the particular organ, whereas higher PI is indicative of decreased perfusion to distal tissues (Varughese, Brar, & Dhindsa, ). Sharma et al () reported low PI and RI during inflammation of uterus as compared to oestrus which is in concurrence to our findings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Doppler sonography of uterine blood flow at mid‐oestrus during different degree of clinical endometritis in dairy cows

Sharma

Singh

Abrol

et al. 2019

The present study was aimed at analysing the mid‐oestrous uterine blood flow parameters during varying degree of endometritis in dairy cows. Degree of clinical endometritis was adjudged on the basis of visual examination of uterine discharge collected from cows at mid‐oestrus, that is mild (slightly turbid; n = 13), moderate (turbid with pus flakes; n = 14) and severe (milky; n = 13). Pulsatility and resistance indices (PI and RI), time average mean velocity (TAMEAN), time average maximum velocity (TAMAX), diameter of the artery, volume of blood flow, Doppler pulse duration (DPD) and systolic upstroke/acceleration time (AT) were measured to study the spectral waveforms at mid‐oestrus. Significantly higher (p < .01) PI and RI were found in cows diagnosed with mild degree in comparison with cows diagnosed with moderate and severe degrees of clinical endometritis. There was significantly higher (p < .01) velocity (TAMEAN and TAMAX), volume of blood flow (BFV‐TAMEAN, BFV‐TAMAX) and DPD in both the middle uterine arteries during moderate and severe degrees of clinical endometritis as compared to mild endometritis. However, significantly higher (p < .01) AT was recorded in cows diagnosed with mild degree as compared to moderate and severe degrees of clinical endometritis. Pearson's correlation analysis has shown that RI was positively correlated with PI and AT in all the groups under study (mild degree, r = .72 and .49; moderate degree, r = .54 and .38; severe degree, r = .90 and .42; p < .05). However, there found significantly negative correlation (p < .05) with other parameters in all the cows irrespective of degree of inflammation. Therefore, it may be deducted that assessment of uterine inflammation can be done with a non‐invasive technique known as Doppler sonography which can be useful in adjudging the hemodynamic changes inside uterus and future fertility of dairy cows.

“…A practical difficulty in detecting luteal blood flow using colour Doppler ultrasonography during early luteal phase is the appearance of bigger luteal vessels in the outer edge of the CL only during the late luteal stages (Luttgenau & Bollwein, ). Studies in buffaloes have evaluated the uterine blood flow during various stages of pregnancy (Hussein, ; Singh, Chandolia, Dutt, Saini, & Malik, ; Varughese, Brar, & Dhindsa, ); however, studies on blood flow to the ovarian follicle and corpus luteum are few. As such no report on ovarian follicular dynamics and the vascularity pattern of follicles and CL is available on Surti breed of buffalo, popularly known for very high milk fat percentage (8%–12%) with the exception of one abattoir study on follicular growth by Parmar and Mehta () and no conclusive evidence of wave pattern and growth characteristics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Follicular dynamics and colour Doppler vascularity evaluations of follicles and corpus luteum in relation to plasma progesterone during the oestrous cycle of Surti buffaloes

Gaur

Purohit

2019

Contents With an objective to evaluate the follicular dynamics and vascularity changes in follicles and corpus luteum, the ovaries of cyclic Surti buffaloes (n = 9) were examined daily sequentially by transrectal B‐mode and colour flow mode (CFM) ultrasonography starting from the day of oestrus till the onset of next oestrus. Higher proportion of buffaloes evidenced one‐wave cycle (66.66%) compared to two‐wave cycle (33.34%) with none showing a three‐wave cycle. The dominant follicle of the first follicular wave was the ovulatory follicle and persisted for 19.70 ± 0.50 days compared to its persistence for 16.5 ± 1.45 days in a two‐wave cycle. The maximum diameter of the ovulatory follicle in a one‐wave and two‐wave cycle did not differ yet their linear growth rates were significantly lower (p < 0.01) in a one‐wave cycle. Colour flow mode examination of follicles revealed that the percentage of follicles with detectable blood flow in the subsequently determined largest follicle (dominant follicle) was not different from that in the second largest follicle before follicle deviation. The blood flow in the dominant follicle increased significantly on the day of oestrus. The mean diameter and blood flow to the corpus luteum (CL) increased linearly and significantly from Day 5 of oestrus till Day 13 after which both parameters started declining. At or around Day 16, there was precipitous fall in the blood supply to the CL and CL diameter that continued declining thereafter to reach the lowest around Day 20 of the oestrous cycle. Rise in plasma progesterone concentrations was synchronous to CL diameter and vascularity and showed significant and positive correlations. It was concluded that Surti buffaloes evidence a preponderance of one‐wave follicular growth pattern with a significant increase in the vascularity of ovulatory follicle on the day of oestrus and corpus luteum on Day 13 of the oestrous cycle.