Utilization and Dissection for Endoscopic Sinus Surgery Training in the Residency Program

Abstract

The nasal cavity of the sheep is anatomically similar to the human nasal cavity, and the model using sheep cadaver for endoscopic sinus surgery training is a cost-effective and useful model for the first step of the learning curve.

Face and content validity of sheep heads in endoscopic rhinology training

“…The sheep head (or ovine) model, described previously in the literature, offers a reasonable alternative for training in endoscopic nasal procedures. This study investigates the face and content validity of the sheep model in endoscopic rhinology skills training as perceived by trainers and trainees.…”

Suitability of the ovine model for simulation training in rhinology

“…Trainees can practice excision of the many ethmoid air cells, simulating a posterior ethmoidectomy or the removal of recurrent polyposis. Continued dissection reveals cribriform plates that may be deliberately perforated to simulate repair of a dural breach …”

A validation study of a virtual‐based haptic system for endoscopic sinus surgery training

“… F 1 is the classical standard nonlinear rate‐dependent model, used to predict the deformation of the tissues before the fracture based on the modified KV model. F S ( x ( t )) is the static function of the displacement and reflects the tissue nonlinearity, and the other parts of the right side of are in charge of the dynamic function of both displacement and tool‐tissue velocity interaction ( v ), which is presented by a series connection of nonlinear springs and dampers (relaxation time constant, τ s = B / K , ). Based on the acquired parameters' values from the experimental data, F s ( x ( t )) = 0.008 x 3 +2.087 x 2 +8.766 x , K 1 = 63.62,and τ s = 0.021,a complete model of the tool‐tissue interaction force profile was proposed.…”

“…In actual surgery, for reaching a specified region, a usual way is to open all the pathways by inserting a microstructural instrument like a “curette” into the rigid walls or cutting the tissues using different instruments. Main challenges for the minimally endoscopic surgeries are the presence of small and narrow paths of the sinus and small cavities, leading to the base of the skulls, which makes surgeons not to have a proper maneuver during surgery and is necessary to avoid inserting any excessive forces for safe operation. Using endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) training simulators in the otolaryngology surgery is recognized as one of the most important standard tools in the field of head and neck surgery education and also has revolutionized the surgery approaches of ESS in recent years …”