Utilization of 3D printed carbon gas diffusion layers in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

Niblett, Daniel; Guo, Zunmin; Holmes, Stuart M.; Niasar, Vahid; Prosser, Robert

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.05.134

Cited by 27 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…This is caused by the in-plane extent of some water clusters between MPL cracks and therefore, it is important to limit water cluster growth in the in-plane direction. This could be made possible through the use of porous microstructure design [5] and or patterned wettability alteration [58].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To investigate the effect of water and microstructure on the oxygen distribution, steady-state transport of a passive scalar was solved using a steady-state velocity field found using the simpleFoam solver, similar procedure to that performed in Ref. [5]:…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For an optimal water removal, water should feature low in-plane movement to restrict the impact of water on oxygen transport to the MPL surface. Introduction of more convection into the GDL could reduce the large gradients in oxygen, which could be achieved by more open pore structures [5,60].…”

Section: Oxygen Distribution At Mpl Surfacementioning

confidence: 99%

“…They also contribute to further flooding in the CL, due to blocking the area for diffusion by through the pathways at the MPL/GDL interface. Furthermore, the air flow distribution in the flow fields and GDL could be impacted by the presence of water, possibly leading to heterogeneity in air velocity distribution which feeds the entire cell, potentially leading to regions of diffusion limited transport of oxygen [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is especially important to reduce cell cost and lifetime by opening the operating window to high current density 2 A cm −2 , where water distribution in the porous layers effect the distribution of oxygen [24]. This can be achieved by simulation of water transport in current and future materials which can develop strategies for the design of novel materials for water management [5,25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Water cluster characteristics of fuel cell gas diffusion layers with artificial microporous layer crack dilation

Niblett

Niasar

Holmes

et al. 2023

Journal of Power Sources

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Oxygen Distribution At Mpl Surfacementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Water cluster characteristics of fuel cell gas diffusion layers with artificial microporous layer crack dilation

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Niasar

Holmes

et al. 2023

Journal of Power Sources

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Overcoming the Transport Limitations of Photopolymer‐Derived Architected Carbon

Baglo

Sauermoser

Lid

et al. 2023

Adv Materials Technologies

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Photopolymer derived carbon grows in popularity, yet the range in available feature sizes is limited. Here the focus is on expanding the field to low surface to volume ratio (SVR) structures. A high temperature acrylic photopolymerizable precursor with FTIR and DSC is described and a thermal inert‐gas treatment is developed for producing architected carbon in the mm scale with SVR of 1.38×10−3 µm−1. Based on thermogravimetric analysis and mass spectrometry, two thermal regimes with activation energies of ≈79 and 169 kJ mol−1 are distiguished, which is reasoned with mechanisms during the polymer's morphologic conversion between 300 and 500 °C. The temperature range of the major dimensional shrinkage (300–440 °C, 50%) does not match the range of the largest alteration in elemental composition (440–600 °C, O/C 0.25–0.087%). The insights lead to an optimized thermal treatment with an initial ramp (2 °C min−1 to 350 °C), isothermal hold (14 h), post hold ramp (0.5 °C min−1 to 440 °C) and final ramp (10 °C min−1 to 1000 °C). The resulting carbon structures are dimensionally stable, non‐porous at the µm scale, and comprise an unprecedented variation in feature sizes (from mm to µm scale). The findings shall advance architected carbon to industrially relevant scales.

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Investigating Mass Transfer Relationships in Stereolithography 3D Printed Electrodes for Redox Flow Batteries

Heijden

Kroese

Borneman

et al. 2023

Adv Materials Technologies

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Porous electrodes govern the electrochemical performance and pumping requirements in redox flow batteries, yet conventional carbon‐fiber‐based porous electrodes have not been tailored to sustain the requirements of liquid‐phase electrochemistry. 3D printing is an effective approach to manufacturing deterministic architectures, enabling the tuning of electrochemical performance and pressure drop. In this work, model grid structures are manufactured with stereolithography 3D printing followed by carbonization and tested as flow battery electrode materials. Microscopy, tomography, spectroscopy, fluid dynamics, and electrochemical diagnostics are employed to investigate the resulting electrode properties, mass transport, and pressure drop of ordered lattice structures. The influence of the printing direction, pillar geometry, and flow field type on the cell performance is investigated and mass transfer vs. electrode structure correlations are elucidated. It is found that the printing direction impacts the electrode performance through a change in morphology, resulting in enhanced performance for diagonally printed electrodes. Furthermore, mass transfer rates within the electrode are improved by helical or triangular pillar shapes or by using interdigitated flow field designs. This study shows the potential of stereolithography 3D printing to manufacture customized electrode scaffolds, which could enable multiscale structures with superior electrochemical performance and low pumping losses.

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Utilization of 3D printed carbon gas diffusion layers in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

Cited by 27 publications

References 62 publications

Water cluster characteristics of fuel cell gas diffusion layers with artificial microporous layer crack dilation

Water cluster characteristics of fuel cell gas diffusion layers with artificial microporous layer crack dilation

Overcoming the Transport Limitations of Photopolymer‐Derived Architected Carbon

Investigating Mass Transfer Relationships in Stereolithography 3D Printed Electrodes for Redox Flow Batteries

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