Utilization of a Soft Ionization Mass Spectrometer for Ultra High Sensitivity and Fast Response Emission Measurements

Akashi, Kotaro; Inoué, Kaori; Adachi, Masayuki; Ishida, K.; Villinger, J.; Federer, W.; Dornauer, A.

doi:10.4271/980046

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The IMR-MS technology allows to minimize the fragmentation of the probe molecules because of the lower ionization energy of the source gases. The IMR-MS device used in this investigation was already described in Akashi et al 31 and Villinger et al 32 The operating principle of the IMR-MS can be devided into five steps 1. Primary ions Hg + + , Xe + , or Kr + by are formed with the help of an electron source.…”

Section: Imr-ms Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the near-wall gas composition in SI-engines using fast gas sampling

Fischer

Lehrheuer

Pischinger

2023

International Journal of Engine Research

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Future internal combustion engines using novel fuels and combustion systems have the potential to achieve ultra-high efficiency and lowest pollutant emissions to comply with future regulatory requirements. Realizing indicated efficiencies over 50% with ultra-lean low temperature combustion face new challenges. To meet this goal, hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions need to be reduced significantly further. To do this, knowledge must be gained about how the operation regime of the engine affects the HC and CO emissions. Since these emissions partly originate from areas where flame quenching occurs, an investigation of the gases near the wall is of interest. To this end a fast gas sampling method is being developed to extract and analyze the gas from the combustion chamber. The used fast gas sampling valve from Kistler enables sampling durations of less than 1 ms. Fourier-transform-infrared spectroscopy and a fast mass spectroscopy allow the determination of the sample composition. The valve is positioned inside the cylinder head of a single cylinder engine between intake and exhaust valves. In order to assess the effects of engine operating conditions on the formation of HC and CO at the cylinder walls, the measurement uncertainty of the setup must be evaluated. Since the combustion process is subject to cyclic variations, the evaluation of only a few individual measurements is not meaningful. Therefore, mean values are determined from the evaluation of several measurements not performed consecutively. By examining the mean and standard deviation of these measurements for each species, one can determine a measurement error. In comparison, lean operation with RON95E10 fuel at an IMEP = 12 bar and an engine speed of n = 2000 1/min shows a significant reduction in intermediate hydrocarbon species such as acetylene and a significant increase in fuel species such as ethanol compared to stoichiometric operation.

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Section: Imr-ms Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the near-wall gas composition in SI-engines using fast gas sampling

Fischer

Lehrheuer

Pischinger

2023

International Journal of Engine Research

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“…The IMR-MS device used in this investigation was already described in [23][24][25]. The operation principle of the device can be divided into five steps.…”

Section: Imr-ms Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kar and Cheng [22] showed online measurement of ethanol and acetaldehyde emissions with an electron ionization mass spectrometer (EI-MS). Other examples of usage of online mass spectrometry are [23][24][25][26] with IMR-MS, also known as chemical ionization (CI-MS) or soft ionization mass spectrometry. These online mass spectrometry techniques however have molecule fragmentation issues, with consequent higher inaccuracy and limitation in the species that can be measured.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Engine Operating Parameters on Space- and Species-Resolved Measurements of Engine-Out Emissions from a Single-Cylinder Spark Ignition Engine

Esposito

Mauermann

Lehrheuer

et al. 2019

SAE Technical Paper Series

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The development and validation of detailed simulation models of incylinder combustion, emission formation mechanisms and reaction kinetics in the exhaust system are of crucial importance for the design of future low-emission powertrain concepts. To investigate emission formation mechanisms on one side and to create a solid basis for the validation of simulation methodologies (e.g. 3D-CFD, multidimensional in-cylinder models, etc.) on the other side, specific detailed measurements in the exhaust system are required. In particular, the hydrocarbon (HC) emissions are difficult to be investigated in simulation and experimentally, due to their complex composition and their post-oxidation in the exhaust system.In this work, different emission measurement devices were used to track the emission level and composition at different distances from the cylinder along the exhaust manifold, from the exhaust valve onwards. A fast-FID (FFID) was used to measure the cycle-resolved total-HC (THC) emissions and an ion molecule reaction massspectrometer (IMR-MS) to determine the average concentration of some selected HC components. Conventional exhaust analyzers were used additionally to measure the average levels of the important exhaust gas components (THC, NOx, CO, CO2, O2).The measurements were conducted on a 0.4 l single-cylinder sparkignited (SI) research engine. The effects and cross-effects on emissions of several relevant operating parameters were evaluated. Different result patterns are observed in the different measuring positions. In this work, selected results on the effect of air-to-fuel ratio and spark timing are presented. For the air-fuel-ratio variation, the FFID results show that the THC quenching increases with lean operating condition and the IMR-MS that this increase corresponds to an increase in fuel-HC and a reduction in non-fuel-HC. In the spark timing variation, the trends of THC in the exhaust port and in the exhaust runner suggest the presence of HC oxidation in the exhaust port, due to higher exhaust temperature with retarded combustion. Additionally, the IMR-MS confirm the presence of late and incomplete oxidation with the increase of non-fuel species.

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“…This allows a measurement of multiple species at once. A parallel measurement with an online mass spectrometer working according to the principle of ionmolecule reaction [35,36], V&F TwinSense, allows the validation of the FTIR measurements by determining the redundant hydrocarbon species. The mass spectrometer was calibrated with the hydrocarbon species prior to the measurements.…”

Section: Gas Analyzersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Yttria-Stabilized Zirconium Oxide Thermal Swing Coating on the Flame-Wall Interaction in Spark Ignition Engines

Fischer

Nolte

et al. 2023

Energies

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Future vehicle powertrain systems with internal combustion engines must achieve higher efficiencies and further reduced pollutant emissions. This will require the application of new advanced technologies. Against this background, this paper presents a holistic approach to reduce temporally the wall heat losses, and hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions with thermal coatings on the combustion chamber walls. For this purpose, an yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) coating is applied and evaluated by different methods. The thin layer in combination with the low thermal effusivity of the material allows the wall temperature to follow the gas temperature and perform a so-called thermal swing. The interaction between an uncoated and a YSZ-coated wall with the flame front as well as partially burned gas was investigated. First, in terms of the coating’s potential to reduce the flame quenching distance using an optical method in a constant volume combustion chamber. Second, regarding its influence on the near-wall gas composition, which was analyzed with in-situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy measurements and a fast gas sampling technique on a single-cylinder engine. From this, it could be derived that the quenching distance can be reduced by 10% at ambient conditions and by 5% at an elevated temperature of 200 °C by using the coating. These findings also support the results that have been obtained by the near-wall gas composition measurements, where a reduced total hydrocarbon emission was found with the applied coating.

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Utilization of a Soft Ionization Mass Spectrometer for Ultra High Sensitivity and Fast Response Emission Measurements

Cited by 9 publications

References 4 publications

Evaluation of the near-wall gas composition in SI-engines using fast gas sampling

Evaluation of the near-wall gas composition in SI-engines using fast gas sampling

Effect of Engine Operating Parameters on Space- and Species-Resolved Measurements of Engine-Out Emissions from a Single-Cylinder Spark Ignition Engine

Influence of Yttria-Stabilized Zirconium Oxide Thermal Swing Coating on the Flame-Wall Interaction in Spark Ignition Engines

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