Utilization of Carbohydrates by the Young Calf

Dollar, Alexander M.; Porter, John W.

doi:10.1038/1791299a0

Cited by 77 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The results are in good agreement with several reports that increased sucrase activity with increasing age (Bailey et al, 1956;Walker, 1959;Dahlqvist, 1961) and of an increased rate of hydrolysis of sucrose as the pig matures (Dollar et al, 1957;Kidder et al, 1963). However, there was no significant difference in GE digestibility among maize starch, lactose and glucose.…”

Section: Nutrient Digestibilitysupporting

confidence: 82%

Study on the nutritive value of dextrin as a carbohydrate source for pigs weaned at 21 days of age

Lee

Han²,

Lee³

et al. 2000

J. Anim. Feed Sci.

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Two experiments were conducted to compare the nutritive value of dextrin to that of various carbohydrate sources and to determine the optimal incorporation ratio with lactose for pigs weaned at 21 days of age. In each experiment, eighty pigs (BW 6.43±0.18 kg in experiment 1 and 6.93±0.19 kg in 2) were used as an experimental unit and allotted to 20 groups (4 pigs/group, 5 groups/ treatment) using a completely randomized block design. Each group was assigned to one of 5 dietary treatments. Dextrin (control), maize starch and 3 different sources of sugar (lactose, glucose, and sucrose) composed 5 dietary treatments for experiment 1. Five 5 graded lactose:glucose ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100, diet A, B, C, D and E, respectively) were used as the treatments in experiment 2. In experiment 1, pigs fed the diet containing maize starch showed the lowest (P<0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI Overall, there were no significant differences in ADG and ADFI among treatments. However, pigs fed the dextrin diet had improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared with pigs fed other diets (PO.05). During the initial 14 d postweaning (phase I), no significant differences were found in digestibilities of gross energy (GE), dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and crude ash (CA) among treatments. During the third week postweaning (phase II), the digestibilities of GE and CP of pigs fed the diet containing sucrose were higher than those of the other treatments. In experiment 2, overall, no significant differences were found in ADG, ADFI and FCR. During the initial 14 d postweaning (phase I), no significant differences were found in nutrient digestibilities except for gross energy (GE) digestibility. GE digestibility obtained from diet A was greater (PO.05) than that from diet D, while those for diets B, C and E were intermediate.

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Section: Nutrient Digestibilitysupporting

confidence: 82%

Study on the nutritive value of dextrin as a carbohydrate source for pigs weaned at 21 days of age

Lee

Han²,

Lee³

et al. 2000

J. Anim. Feed Sci.

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“…T h e results from the different approaches are generally in good Vol. 28 utilizes glucose, galactose and lactose, but is unable to utilize sucrose, maltose and starch (Dollar & Porter, 1957Okamoto, Thomas & Johnson, 1959). Most studies of carbohydrate utilization by oldcr calves have been made with ruminating animals (Velu, Kendall & Gardner, 1960;Huber, Jacobson, McGilliard & -411en, 1961), but similar findings with pre-ruminant calves of the effect of age have been reported recently by Siddons (1968a,b) and Siddons, Smith, IIenschel, Hill & Porter (1969).…”

Section: Dkestion and Absorption Of Individual Nutrients Carbohydratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digestion in the pre-ruminant animal

Porter¹

1969

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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The fore-stomachs of ruminant animals do not develop fully and assumc their characteristic digestive functions until the young animal begins to eat substantial quantities of solid food. When young calves consume liquid feed nearly all of it by-passes the reticulo-rumen and passes through the omasum into the abomasum as a result of the reflex closure of the oesophageal groove. The subsequent course of events during digestion in the abomasum and small intestinc has for long been regarded as being closely parallel to that in the stomach and intestines of monogastric animals. However, recent more detailed investigations of the processes of digestion have shown that the digestive capabilities and the development of digestive function in pre-ruminant animals differ in several respects from those in other young animals.Efficient digestion and utilization of nutrients require that food pass at a suitable rate through an alimentary tract endowed with appropriate enzymes and absorptive mechanisms that will allow hydrolysis of complex molecules and absorption of the products. T h e passage into the lower gut of undigested or unabsorbed food residues provides a substrate for undesirable bacterial growth and may lead to diarrhoea.The digestive system of all young mammals is well adapted to the digestion of milk, and young pre-ruminant animals use the fat, protein and carbohydrate from milk with the same remarkable efficiency as do the young of other species. However, when nutrients are supplied from sources other than milk, it will be seen that certain digestive abilities of the pre-ruminant animal are found to be more limited, and either not to develop or to develop more slowly than those of other mammals.

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“…That this explanation might apply to other species is also encouraged by the knowledge that guinea-pigs, which are virtually weaned at birth, fail to transport immunoglobulins across an intestine already equipped to hydrolyse maltose and sucrose (Koldovsky, 1983). The question of how such a theory could apply to calves, lambs and piglets, where gut closure occurs within 2 days (Baintner, 1986), sucrase and maltase activities appear over a matter of weeks (Dollar & Porter, 1957; Walker, 1959;Manners & Stevens, 1972) and normal weaning occurs some time later, is not at all clear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidermal growth factor selectively increases maltase and sucrase activities in neonatal piglet intestine.

James

Smith

Tivey

et al. 1987

The Journal of Physiology

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1. Pig intestinal sucrase and maltase activities increase markedly, and lactase activity decreases, during the second week of post‐natal life. Correlations noted between the time course describing these changes and that found previously to describe a decline in the ability of the pig intestine to take up macromolecules suggest that both events are subject to the same type of developmental control. 2. Injection of epidermal growth factor (EGF) into 3‐day‐old piglets increase sucrase and maltase activities measured 3 days later. These increases, which are not seen when measuring other hydrolase enzymes, are confined to the mid and distal regions of the small intestine. 3. Dexamethasone injected into 3‐day‐old piglets inhibits lactase and, on occasion, sucrase activities without affecting other intestinal hydrolases. Significant increases in sucrase and maltase activities also occur in distal intestine following injection of EGF plus dexamethasone into 3‐day‐old pigs. 4. Cytochemical analysis shows EGF effects on sucrase and maltase activities to be exerted in crypt and basal villus enterocytes produced post‐natally. Dexamethasone inhibits lactase activity mainly by acting on mid and upper villus enterocytes produced before birth. 5. EGF appears to increase sucrase and maltase activities by extending the time during which young enterocytes continue to accumulate these enzymes in their brush‐border membranes. Dexamethasone appears to cause a more fundamental change in the biochemistry of older enterocytes. accompanied by an increasing ability of these cells to transport neutral amino acids through a sodium‐dependent mechanism (see James, Smith, Tivey & Wilson, 1987a).

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Utilization of Carbohydrates by the Young Calf

Cited by 77 publications

References 2 publications

Study on the nutritive value of dextrin as a carbohydrate source for pigs weaned at 21 days of age

Study on the nutritive value of dextrin as a carbohydrate source for pigs weaned at 21 days of age

Digestion in the pre-ruminant animal

Epidermal growth factor selectively increases maltase and sucrase activities in neonatal piglet intestine.

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