Utilization of Energy Storage System for Frequency Regulation in Large-Scale Transmission System

Yoon, Michung; Lee, Jaehyeong; Song, Sungyoon; Yoo, Yeontae; Jang, Gilsoo; Jung, Seungmin; Hwang, Sungchul

doi:10.3390/en12203898

Cited by 22 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The current CM regulations provide overpayment-in case the battery discharged more than its capacity obligation-only if there are penalties collected from different CM units that did not deliver. However, since the capacity obligation always takes into account the de-rated capacity as in (7) which in most cases lower than the original battery capacity, the battery will always over deliver as it is required to fully discharge the battery once the SSE occur. For these previous reasons along with fuel neutrality in the CM, the current CMs design may be ill suited to incentivize low carbon resources and secure energy supply [73].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two general trends can be noticed in both Figures 8 and 9. First, the number of the incurred penalties for the 4 h battery is high because the remaining battery capacity will not be sufficient to account for the capacity obligation predicted by (7) in all of the 4 h SSE. Second, the 1 h and 2 h batteries receive the highest revenue respectively because they discharge high de-rated capacity and receive less penalties compared to the 0.5 h and 4 h batteries.…”

Section: Increased Battery Cycling Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Energy security and system balance issues are likely to arise due to the intermittent nature of many clean energy sources such as wind and solar as they begin to make up a significant part of the energy generation mix [3,4]. Several methods have been used to ensure power system resiliency while allowing high share of renewable energy resources such as demand side management [5], smart grid [6], energy storage [7] and capacity markets (CM) [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Degradation Cost Analysis of Li-Ion Batteries in the Capacity Market with Different Degradation Models

et al. 2020

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Increased deployment of intermittent renewable energy plants raises concerns about energy security and energy affordability. Capacity markets (CMs) have been implemented to provide investment stability to generators and secure energy generation by reducing the number of shortage hours. The research presented in this paper contributes to answering the question of whether batteries can provide cost effective back up services for one year in this market. The analysis uses an equivalent circuit lithium ion battery model coupled with two degradation models (empirical and semi-empirical) to account for capacity fade during battery lifetime. Depending on the battery’s output power, four de-rating factors of 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h and 4 h are considered to study which de-rating strategy can result in best economic profit. Two scenarios for the number of shortage hours per year in the CM are predicted based on the energy demand data of Great Britain and recent research. Results show that the estimated battery profit is maximum with 2 h and 1 h de-rating factors and minimum with 4 h and 0.5 h. Depending on the battery degradation model used, battery degradation cost can considerably impact the potential profit if the battery’s temperature is not controlled with adequate thermal management system. The empirical and semi-empirical models predict that the degradation cost is minimum at 5 °C and 25 °C respectively. Moreover, both models predict degradation is minimum at lower battery charge levels. While the battery’s capacity fade can be minimized to make some profits from the CM service, the increased shortage hours can make providing this service not economically viable.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Increased Battery Cycling Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Degradation Cost Analysis of Li-Ion Batteries in the Capacity Market with Different Degradation Models

et al. 2020

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“…Power systems are responsible for interconnecting power generation sources and consumers in high-voltage levels through transmission and sub-transmission systems since large power sources (i.e., hydraulic power plants) and loads are geographically separated by hundreds of kilometers [1,2]. The sector of electricity supply is composed of four main activities: (i) generation, (ii) transportation, (iii) distribution, and (iv) commercialization; these activities make possible the power supply from large and distributed power sources to all end-users from high-to low-voltage levels [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic Reactive Power Compensation in Power Systems through the Optimal Siting and Sizing of Photovoltaic Sources

2021

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The problem of the optimal placement and sizing of photovoltaic power plants in electrical power systems from high- to medium-voltage levels is addressed in this research from the point of view of the exact mathematical optimization. To represent this problem, a mixed-integer nonlinear programming model considering the daily demand and solar radiation curves was developed. The main advantage of the proposed optimization model corresponds to the usage of the reactive power capabilities of the power electronic converter that interfaces the photovoltaic sources with the power systems, which can work with lagging or leading power factors. To model the dynamic reactive power compensation, the η-coefficient was used as a function of the nominal apparent power converter transference rate. The General Algebraic Modeling System software with the BONMIN optimization package was used as a computational tool to solve the proposed optimization model. Two simulation cases composed of 14 and 27 nodes in transmission and distribution levels were considered to validate the proposed optimization model, taking into account the possibility of installing from one to four photovoltaic sources in each system. The results show that energy losses are reduced between 13% and 56% as photovoltaic generators are added with direct effects on the voltage profile improvement.

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“…On the other hand, if the power generated from the system than the demand then system frequency decreases. So, in modern power systems, if the system frequency increases then the system output is reduced, so to maintain the frequency proper control strategy is required [26][27][28][29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Grid-connected advanced energy storage scheme for frequency regulation

Akhtar

Kirmani

2020

SN Appl. Sci.

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Secure and economic operation of the modern power system is facing major challenges these days. Grid-connected Energy Storage System (ESS) can provide various ancillary services to electrical networks for its smooth functioning and helps in the evolution of the smart grid. The main limitation of the wide implementation of ESS in the power system is the high cost, low life, low energy density, etc. However, improved battery technology is changing the scenario rapidly. Also, any mismatch in power demand and supply causes fluctuation in frequency. Therefore, this paper presents a way for reducing the frequency fluctuation using an Advanced Energy Storage System with utility inductors. To compensate for the mismatch of supply and demand, a new system is proposed so that the nominal frequency of the power system is maintained. Due to the very high penetration of energy systems, there is a need for frequency regulation, hence different control strategies are employed to overcome this problem. In case of extreme power supply, the ESS acts as a load and gets itself charged whereas during the power deficit the ESS supplies power to maintain balance in demand and supply, and hence it mitigates the frequency fluctuation. The simulation model contains an ESS connected to a grid with a varying commercial or residential load profile. Simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of grid-connected ESS in minimizing frequency variation.

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Utilization of Energy Storage System for Frequency Regulation in Large-Scale Transmission System

Cited by 22 publications

References 23 publications

Degradation Cost Analysis of Li-Ion Batteries in the Capacity Market with Different Degradation Models

Degradation Cost Analysis of Li-Ion Batteries in the Capacity Market with Different Degradation Models

Dynamic Reactive Power Compensation in Power Systems through the Optimal Siting and Sizing of Photovoltaic Sources

Grid-connected advanced energy storage scheme for frequency regulation

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