Utilization of plant proteins in fish diets: effects of global demand and supplies of fishmeal

Abstract

Aquafeed ingredients are global commodities used in livestock, poultry and companion animal feeds. Cost and availability are ditated less by demand from the aquafeed sector than by demand from other animal feed sectors and global production of grains and oilseeds. The exceptions are fishmeal and fish oil; use patterns have shifted over the past two decades resulting in nearly exclusive use of these products in aquafeeds. Supplies of fishmeal and oil are finite, making it necessary for the aquafeed sector to seek alternative ingredients from plant sources whose global production is sufficient to supply the needs of aquafeeds for the foreseeable future. Significant progress has been made over the past decade in reducing levels of fishmeal in commercial feeds for farmed fish. Despite these advances, the quantity of fishmeal used by the aquafeed sector has increased as aquaculture production has expanded. Thus, further reduction in percentages of fishmeal in aquafeeds will be necessary. For some species of farmed fish, continued reduction in fishmeal and fish oil levels is likely; complete replacement of fishmeal has been achieved in research studies. However, complete replacement of fishmeal in feeds for marine species is more difficult and will require further research efforts to attain.

Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and aquaculture in perspective

“…However, from 2000-2012 aquaculture has grown, on average, by 6.2 % annually and has been the fastest growing animal protein production sector for many years and, indeed, is outpacing population growth (FAO, 2014). In contrast, as described above, FM and FO are finite resources and FO supply in particular would have limited this growth in aquaculture if these marine products were not increasingly replaced in aquafeeds by alternative ingredients, predominantly terrestrial crop-derived plant meals and vegetable oils (Gatlin et al, 2007;Hardy, 2010;Turchini et al, 2011a). The necessity to reduce the level of FO use prompted considerable research into the development of sustainable feeds and feeding strategies to maintain n-3 LC-PUFA levels in farmed fish despite the lower level of dietary n-3 LC-PUFA (Turchini et al, 2009(Turchini et al, , 2011aSales and Glencross, 2011).…”

Supplementation of enzyme-treated soy protein saves dietary protein and promotes digestive and absorptive ability referring to TOR signaling in juvenile fish

“…The dietary protein levels of different fish species range from 28 to 56% of dry diets (Hasan 2016). Recently, plant proteins such as soybean meal, cottonseed meal, and rapeseed meal have become the main protein sources in aquatic feeds due to the cost and shortage of animal protein resources (Hardy 2010). However, the utilization of plant proteins is usually limited because of the high content of anti-nutritional factors, non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), and crude fiber (Ogunkoya et al 2006).…”

Substituição da farinha de peixe em dietas para camarões marinhos cultivados em sistema bioflocos

“…Quanto ao meio ambiente, há uma atenção especial para a redução da farinha de peixe, uma vez que é produzida principalmente a partir da pesca de pequenos peixes pelágicos, como a sardinha e as anchovetas do Norte do Chile e do Peru. A farinha de peixe é um recurso limitado e finito, e sua utilização excessiva vem sendo severamente criticada por organizações ambientais (Hardy, 2010).…”

“…Nas dietas de camarões peneídeos, a farinha de peixe constitui-se como principal ingrediente proteico, principalmente por ser rica em aminoácidos essenciais e ácidos graxos insaturados (HUFA n-3), essenciais para o ótimo desenvolvimento dos camarões; porém, a farinha de peixe é um ingrediente caro e escasso (Tacon & Metian, 2002;Hardy, 2010).…”