Utilization of resources in coping with chronic illness

Abstract

Research conducted to date has evidenced the importance of single resources for adaptation to illness. The aim of the presented study was to take into account many resources so as to determine their structure and the way of utilization in various patient groups. The Resourcefulness for Recovery Inventory (Celiński, Antoniazzi, 2001) measuring 18 personal and social resources was used for this purpose. Participants in the study were 115 patients (68 men, 47 women) suffering from cardiovascular or rheumatoid diseases, or from cancer. The patients were found to utilize cognitive, emotional and behavioral resources, as well as social support in their adaptation to illness. The highest level of resource utilization was found in the cardiac group, and the lowest -in cancer patients.

Can empathy lead to emotional exhaustion in teachers? The mediating role of emotional labor

“…Recent research has also focused on teachers as "emotional laborers" [2,[9][10][11]. It has been stressed that emotional involvement is an integral part of the teaching profession [1,[12][13][14][15][16]. A significant majority of the teaching workforce is represented by women, which clearly corresponds with the fact that emotional labor is typical of those professions which are feminized [3,17].…”

“…Firstly, the conditions in which Polish teachers perform their jobs are culturally unique (e.g. low socio-economic status, unsatisfactory physical characteristics of the work environment, adverse employee selection [16,25]), which makes it difficult to apply the results of research conducted abroad to Polish conditions. Secondly, the results of studies on Polish teachers provide more and more support for the importance of psycho-social factors in the development of burnout [16,25,26].…”

“…low socio-economic status, unsatisfactory physical characteristics of the work environment, adverse employee selection [16,25]), which makes it difficult to apply the results of research conducted abroad to Polish conditions. Secondly, the results of studies on Polish teachers provide more and more support for the importance of psycho-social factors in the development of burnout [16,25,26]. It has been shown that strained relationships with students and their parents as well as with supervisors and colleagues may be one of performed on a daily basis by nurses, police officers, retail sales, bank and hotel employees [4][5][6][7][8].…”

“…As a result, the public has extremely high expectations of teachers -they should always be kind, considerate and willing to help and never be tired or irritated [15,16,24]. The necessity of maintaining this image may strongly predispose teachers to emotional labor, and consequently, lead to psychological costs [16]. According to Hochschild [3] and Grandey [17], emotional labor is one of the most important stressors in service professions.…”

“…Teaching as a job falls under the category of the socalled helping professions, which means that in the eyes of the society being a teacher is a mission rather than just a regular occupation. As a result, the public has extremely high expectations of teachers -they should always be kind, considerate and willing to help and never be tired or irritated [15,16,24]. The necessity of maintaining this image may strongly predispose teachers to emotional labor, and consequently, lead to psychological costs [16].…”