Utilization of treated sewage wastewater for green forage production in&lt;br&gt;a hydroponic system

Al‐Karaki, Ghazi N.

doi:10.9755/ejfa.v23i1.5315

Cited by 35 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Wastewater not only fulfills the irrigation requirements but also partially satisfies the nutritional requirement of crop plants. Resultantly, it reduces farmers' cost of production (Jiménez, 2005;Al-Karaki, 2011). More than 80% of the farmers were aware of health-related issues, but they preferred to apply wastewater for irrigation.…”

Section: Background Of Waste Water Preferencementioning

confidence: 99%

Socio-economic background of wastewater irrigation and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in crops and vegetables

Raja

Cheema

Babar

et al. 2015

Agricultural Water Management

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Section: Background Of Waste Water Preferencementioning

confidence: 99%

Socio-economic background of wastewater irrigation and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in crops and vegetables

Raja

Cheema

Babar

et al. 2015

Agricultural Water Management

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“…Hydroponic barley (Hordeum vulgare) production using wastewater has been investigated [13] and found a decrease in yields of 47% and 17% for conventional activated sludge and lagoon system water compared to half-strength Hoagland Solution, concluding that further fertilization with wastewater would be necessary and that metal(loid) concentrations in plant tissue increased, but did not exceed, toxic levels. Al-Karaki [14] explored using tertiary-treated sewage wastewater to grow barley in controlled environment vertical hydroponic growing towers. Compared to treatments of tap water alone, which was used without fertilizer for hydroponic green fodder due to short growth period, wastewater, and wastewater mixed with municipal tap water improved both yields and water efficiency.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydroponic Lettuce Production Using Treated Post-Hydrothermal Liquefaction Wastewater (PHW)

et al. 2019

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Post-hydrothermal liquefaction wastewater (PHW) is a byproduct of the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) process. Previous research indicates that PHW is free of pathogens and contains nutrients needed for crop growth, but may contain metal(loid)s. This study evaluated the ability of differentially treated PHW for effective and safe hydroponic lettuce production. Water containing only hydroponic fertilizer (Source Water 1) had the highest total dry yield of all five treatments; 3.1 times higher than Source Water 2 (diluted PHW with sand filtration), 3.5 times higher than Source Water 3 (diluted PHW with sand + carbon filtration), 2.6 times higher than Source Water 4 (diluted and nitrified PHW with sand filtration), and 1.3 times higher than Source Water 5 (diluted PHW supplemented with hydroponic fertilizer). Findings also indicated that while PHW was below the US Department of Agriculture Foreign Agriculture Service maximum levels for cadmium, lead, and mercury in food, the concentration of arsenic was 1.6, 2.4, and 2.0 times higher than the maximum level for Source Waters 2, 3, and 4, respectively. There was no detectable E. coli or fecal coliforms in any of the treated PHW. While nitrogen was present in the raw PHW, only 0.03% was NO3-N and NO2-N. Diluted PHW supplemented with hydroponic fertilizer had lower lettuce yield than hydroponic fertilizer alone, indicating a potential non-nutrient inhibition of plant growth by PHW. Therefore, this research demonstrates that treated PHW does not pose a biological contamination risk for lettuce, but may entail levels of arsenic in edible leaf tissues that are in excess of safe levels. Additional treatment of PHW can benefit crop production by allowing crop utilization of a greater fraction of total nitrogen in the raw PHW.

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“…The variables that most influence the development of the TC of the HGF are temperature and humidity. In the literature, several studies have been carried out under different conditions of controlled temperature and relative humidity, depending on the application-for example, 21-25 • C and 65-75%RH [42]; 22-26 • C and 50-73%RH [43]; 23-25 • C and 6-70%RH [44]; 18-21 • C and 70%RH [45]. In such studies are reported yields of 7-12 kg of wet HGF per kilogram of harvested seed.…”

Section: Internal Conditions Of the Gchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling and Simulation of Temperature and Relative Humidity Inside a Growth Chamber

et al. 2019

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Modeling and simulation of internal variables such as temperature and relative humidity are relevant for designing future climate control systems. In this paper, a mathematical model is proposed to predict the internal variables temperature and relative humidity (RH) of a growth chamber (GCH). Both variables are incorporated in a set of first-order differential equations, considering an energy-mass balance. The results of the model are compared and assessed in terms of the coefficients of determination (R 2 ) and the root mean squared error (RMSE). The R 2 and RMSE computed were R 2 = 0.96, R 2 = 0.94, RMSE = 0.98 • C, and RMSE = 1.08 • C, respectively, for the temperature during two consecutive weeks; and R 2 = 0.83, R 2 = 0.81, RMSE = 5.45%RH, and RMSE = 5.48%RH, respectively, for the relative humidity during the same period. Thanks to the passive systems used to control internal conditions, the growth chamber gives average differences between inside and outside of +0.34 • C for temperature, and +15.7%RH for humidity without any climate control system. Operating, the GCH proposed in this paper produces 3.5 kg of wet hydroponic green forage (HGF) for each kilogram of seed (corn or barley) harvested on average. Energies 2019, 12, 4056 2 of 22techniques are analyzed to maintain the following critical variables: Temperature, humidity, lighting, and carbon dioxide concentration [1,2]. Other research projects predict the behavior of one or more variables and provide an appropriate response to keep these variables within the desired limits [3][4][5]. Most of the research on modeling and simulations has mainly been developed for greenhouses [6][7][8][9][10][11] to predict the internal environmental conditions of enclosures utilized for cultivation and plant growth. Several studies from the perspective of different environments of models have also been pursued, with the objective of knowing the behavior of the internal variables, such as temperature and relative humidity, that will serve as support to later define an adequate strategy for controlling the growth conditions within an enclosure. Although the type of crop is not defined explicitly, its influence is implicit, given its inherent condition in the models. These studies have implemented different approaches to develop these models, such as neural networks, genetic algorithms, and neuro-fuzzy models [12][13][14][15][16], where the object of study centers on natural ventilation, forced ventilation, cooling evaporators, or systems that integrate calefaction [17][18][19][20], to mention a few of them. On the other hand, there are alternative studies not developed for greenhouse environments, and proposed by some authors to model and simulate temperature and humidity [21][22][23][24][25].

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Utilization of treated sewage wastewater for green forage production in<br>a hydroponic system

Cited by 35 publications

References 38 publications

Socio-economic background of wastewater irrigation and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in crops and vegetables

Socio-economic background of wastewater irrigation and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in crops and vegetables

Hydroponic Lettuce Production Using Treated Post-Hydrothermal Liquefaction Wastewater (PHW)

Modeling and Simulation of Temperature and Relative Humidity Inside a Growth Chamber

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