Utilization of wheat by adult man: nitrogen metabolism, plasma amino acids and lipids

Edwards, Cecile H.; Booker, Lovie K.; Rumph, Cordella H.; Wright, Walter G.; Ganapathy, S.

doi:10.1093/ajcn/24.2.181

Cited by 37 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Thus, our previous nitrogen balance findings (36) are entirely consistent with a prediction that the nutritional value of wheat protein approximates about half that of good-quality animal protein, such as beef, when it is based on a lysine requirement estimate of 30 mg · kg Ϫ1 · d Ϫ1 or 50 mg lysine/g protein (12). Furthermore, it is worth pointing to the balance study by Edwards et al (38), which involved giving adults, for 15-29 d, a diet that was based largely on wheat protein but supplemented with other plant foods so that the amount of lysine in the diet approximated 41 mg/g protein or an intake of Ϸ26 mg · kg Ϫ1 · d Ϫ1 . Their subjects maintained body nitrogen equilibrium, and in this context their findings would support our conclusions while recognizing that the daily lysine intake in the experiment by Edwards et al (38) Furthermore, with respect to the nitrogen balance studies and the minimum physiologic requirement for lysine, Millward (39) considered the nitrogen balance data of Jones et al (40) to be particularly useful for determining the lysine requirement of healthy adults.…”

Section: -H Lysine Kinetics 127supporting

confidence: 87%

“…Furthermore, it is worth pointing to the balance study by Edwards et al (38), which involved giving adults, for 15-29 d, a diet that was based largely on wheat protein but supplemented with other plant foods so that the amount of lysine in the diet approximated 41 mg/g protein or an intake of Ϸ26 mg · kg Ϫ1 · d Ϫ1 . Their subjects maintained body nitrogen equilibrium, and in this context their findings would support our conclusions while recognizing that the daily lysine intake in the experiment by Edwards et al (38) Furthermore, with respect to the nitrogen balance studies and the minimum physiologic requirement for lysine, Millward (39) considered the nitrogen balance data of Jones et al (40) to be particularly useful for determining the lysine requirement of healthy adults. From his reassessment of these data he proposed a lysine requirement of 19 mg·kg Ϫ1 ·d Ϫ1 (39).…”

Section: -H Lysine Kinetics 127mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Twenty-four–hour oral tracer studies with l-[1-13C]lysine at a low (15 mg • kg−1 • d−1) and intermediate (29 mg • kg−1 • d−1) lysine intake in healthy adults

El-Khoury

Pereira

Borgonha

et al. 2000

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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Background:We proposed previously that the mean lysine requirement value is Ϸ30 mg·kg Ϫ1 ·d Ϫ1 rather than the proposed 1985 FAO/WHO/UNU estimate of the upper range of the requirement, which is 12 mg·kg Ϫ1 ·d Ϫ1 . Objective: Our objective was to explore the 24-h pattern and rate of whole-body lysine [l-13 C]oxidation and status of whole-body lysine balance in healthy, young adults given an L-amino acid diet supplying either a low lysine intake (14-15 mg·kg Ϫ1 ·d Ϫ1 ) or an intermediate lysine intake (29 mg·kg Ϫ1 ·d Ϫ1 ) for 6 d before a continuous tracer study with L-[1-13 C]lysine. Design: Five subjects received the low lysine intake, 6 subjects received the intermediate intake, and all were studied by using a standard 24-h oral tracer protocol that was described earlier for studies at a generous lysine intake. Results: The rate of lysine oxidation was not significantly different between the 12-h fasted and 12-h fed states. The daily oxidation rate (x -± SD) was 27.9 ± 8.8 and 27.3 ± 17.6 mg lysine·kg Ϫ1 ·d Ϫ1 for the low-and intermediate-intake groups, respectively (NS). Daily lysine balance was -12.4 ± 92 and 1.8 ± 17.7 mg·kg Ϫ1 ·d Ϫ1, respectively (P < 0.025), for the low and intermediate intakes. The balance was significantly less than zero (P < 0.001) for the low intake. Conclusion: The FAO/WHO/UNU lysine requirement value is not sufficient to maintain lysine homeostasis in healthy adults. From the results of this and tracer studies done by others, the mean lysine requirement of healthy adults was determined to be 30 mg· kg Ϫ1 ·d Ϫ1 .

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Section: -H Lysine Kinetics 127supporting

confidence: 87%

Section: -H Lysine Kinetics 127mentioning

confidence: 99%

Twenty-four–hour oral tracer studies with l-[1-13C]lysine at a low (15 mg • kg−1 • d−1) and intermediate (29 mg • kg−1 • d−1) lysine intake in healthy adults

El-Khoury

Pereira

Borgonha

et al. 2000

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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“…The direct assessment of utilization of animal and plant protein sources generally fails to identify much difference (none was found in the meta analysis used by the report). Long-term nitrogen balance studies based on wheat protein or on wheat and potato protein based diets indicated body weight and fitness maintenance at lysine intakes of either 17 mg/kg (68) or 24 mg (69) . Given that the 13 C-leucine balance 1 Amino acid composition of whole-body protein 2 Adult maintenance pattern 3 Values derived from protein intakes (75 % crude protein) multiplied by the average amino acid content as mg/g protein.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying recommended dietary allowances for protein and amino acids: a critique of the 2007 WHO/FAO/UNU report

Millward

2012

Br J Nutr

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The WHO/FAO/UNU (2007) report examines dietary protein and amino acid requirements for all age groups, protein requirements during pregnancy, lactation and catch-up growth in children, the implications of these requirements for developing countries and protein quality evaluation. Requirements were defined as the minimum dietary intake which satisfies the metabolic demand and achieves nitrogen equilibrium and maintenance of the body protein mass, plus the needs for growth in children and pregnancy and lactation in healthy women. Insufficient evidence was identified to enable recommendations for specific health outcomes. A meta analysis of nitrogen balance studies identifies protein requirements for adults 10 % higher than previous values with no influence of gender or age, consistent with a subsequently published comprehensive study. A new factorial model for infants and children, validated on the basis of the adequacy of breast milk protein intakes and involving a lower maintenance requirement value, no provision for saltatory growth and new estimates of protein deposition identifies lower protein requirements than in previous reports. Higher values for adult amino acid requirements, derived from a re-evaluation of nitrogen balance studies and new stable isotope studies, identify some cereal-based diets as being inadequate for lysine. The main outstanding issues relate to the biological implausibility of the very low efficiencies of protein utilisation used in the factorial models for protein requirements for all population groups especially pregnancy when requirements may be overestimated. Also considerable uncertainty remains about the design and interpretation of most of the studies used to identify amino acid requirement values.

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“…Furthermore, in starving chicks (8,9) and sheep (10) and protein-deprived men (11) the plasma lysine concentration remains normal or increases. Moreover, EDWARDS et al (12) showed that plasma free lysine was not affected significantly by supplying a wheat gluten diet to human adults. These conflicting results suggest that there is a difference in the responses of the plasma lysine concentration in growing and adult animals and humans to a wheat gluten diet.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of low protein diets on free amino acids in plasma of young men: Effect of wheat gluten diet.

Fujita

Yamamoto

Rikimaru

et al. 1979

Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, J Nutr Sci Vit

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SummaryStudies were made on alterations in plasma amino acids in young men fed a diet containing graded levels of wheat gluten. After one week on a standard diet containing 200mgN/kg of mixed protein (animal protein content 45%), 38 young men were given a wheat gluten diet containing 170, 100, 60, 30, 15 or zero mgN/kg for 2 weeks. Blood samples measuring plasma free amino acids were taken before breakfast at the end of the periods on a standard diet and an experimental diet. In subjects on diets containing 170 to 30mgN/kg the plasma concentrations of threonine, valine, methionine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, serine, histidine and arginine fell significantly with decrease in protein intake, but

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Utilization of wheat by adult man: nitrogen metabolism, plasma amino acids and lipids

Cited by 37 publications

References 26 publications

Twenty-four–hour oral tracer studies with l-[1-13C]lysine at a low (15 mg • kg−1 • d−1) and intermediate (29 mg • kg−1 • d−1) lysine intake in healthy adults

Twenty-four–hour oral tracer studies with l-[1-13C]lysine at a low (15 mg • kg−1 • d−1) and intermediate (29 mg • kg−1 • d−1) lysine intake in healthy adults

Identifying recommended dietary allowances for protein and amino acids: a critique of the 2007 WHO/FAO/UNU report

Effect of low protein diets on free amino acids in plasma of young men: Effect of wheat gluten diet.

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