UV-light imprinted Bragg grating in sol-gel ridgeglass waveguide with almost 100% reflectivity

Fardad, M. A.; Touam, Tahar; Meshkinfam, P.; Sara, Rahmani; Du, Xin Min; Andrews, Mark P.; Najafi, S. Iraj

doi:10.1049/el:19970682

Cited by 15 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…The great versatility of this technique leads to the opportunity of tailoring a large variety of single or multilayer structures. [201,204,205] High-quality basic planar waveguides for buried waveguides, including ridges, multilevel guides, and gratings, were prepared for integrated optical-circuit applications (splitter, coupler, etc.). In terms of performance, the propagation losses are not only defined by the intrinsic absorption of the material but are also conditioned by the structure of the guide and the fabrication process.…”

Section: Integrated Optics Based On Hybrid Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical Properties of Functional Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Nanocomposites

et al. 2003

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Functional hybrids are nanocomposite materials lying at the interface of organic and inorganic realms, whose high versatility offers a wide range of possibilities to elaborate tailor‐made materials in terms of chemical and physical properties. Because they present several advantages for designing materials for optical applications (versatile and relatively facile chemistry, easy shaping and patterning, materials having good mechanical integrity and excellent optical quality), numerous silica or/and siloxane based hybrid organic–inorganic materials have been developed in the past few years. The most striking examples of functional hybrids exhibiting emission properties (solid‐state dye lasers, rare‐earth doped hybrids, electroluminescent devices), absorption properties (photochromic), nonlinear optical (NLO) properties (second‐order NLO properties, photochemical hole burning (PHB), photorefractivity), and sensing are summarized in this review.

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Section: Integrated Optics Based On Hybrid Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical Properties of Functional Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Nanocomposites

et al. 2003

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“…We have shown previously that photoresponsive hybrid glasses can be used to record microscopic volume (refractive index) gratings in ridge waveguides by irradiation with an ArF + laser (193 nm) through a phase mask. [5] To create surface-relief gratings (SRGs) from hybrid glasses, a different procedure is required. Earlier research by our group [6] showed that volume compaction occurs during photoinduced acrylate monomer polymerization in families of hybrid glasses.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Processing of Surface-Relief Gratings in Photosensitive Hybrid Sol-Gel Glasses

et al. 1999

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In 1978 it was reported [1] that laser light counterpropagating in a glass optical fiber could inscribe a Bragg diffraction grating, ostensibly by altering the local refractive index of the glass in a periodic manner through an optical damage mechanism. Now, 20 years later, this discovery underscores a global multi-million-dollar activity in the manufacture of Bragg fiber gratings for the emerging photonics industry. Indeed, fiber optic gratings have asserted themselves as key elements in Mach±Zehnder interferometers for dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) systems that enable fibers to carry more channels (wavelengths) of information. DWDM, in turn, has blossomed into a multi-billion-dollar optical bandwidth solution to fiber saturation created by burgeoning Internet traffic. In a broader context, Bragg gratings find widespread use in integrated optics devices such as distributed feedback lasers, filters, compensators, and mirrors for optical interconnects. Of course, this simple optical element can also find application across the entire field of spectroscopy, but the present trend toward miniaturization has created a new impetus for developing materials and methods to implement Bragg gratings in semiconductor and dielectric micro-optoelectronic benches for chemical sensing (biochips). Optical methods are among the preferred techniques for fabricating Bragg gratings. Ironically, there is as yet a rather incomplete understanding of the mechanisms used to create physical or refractive index gratings by photoinscription into glasses. [2] In this communication, we describe the preparation of acrylate-modified silica±titania sol-gel glass thin films and their use in direct optical ªself-processingº of micro-optical diffractive elements. For some time, we have been exploring the chemistry and photoprocessing of hybrid organic±inorganic sol-gel glasses for integrated optics device fabrication. [3,4] In this context, we were motivated to examine the potential of these materials for optical data storage and grating fabrication. Hybrid glass media would be particularly attractive for these purposes if a single-step photoprocess were involved. While investigating a variety of multinary hybrid glasses, we discovered that the incorporation of simple titanium alkoxide precursors yielded a particularly responsive glass for grating fabrication. We have shown previously that photoresponsive hybrid glasses can be used to record microscopic volume (refractive index) gratings in ridge waveguides by irradiation with an ArF + laser (193 nm) through a phase mask. [5] To create surface-relief gratings (SRGs) from hybrid glasses, a different procedure is required. Earlier research by our group [6] showed that volume compaction occurs during photoinduced acrylate monomer polymerization in families of hybrid glasses. Densification occurs by carbon±carbon bond formation during polymer chain growth, which induces collateral structural relaxation and condensation reactions in the metastable silica network. Since spatially resolved ...

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“…Photosensitivity studies in sol-gel based waveguides have two objectives: 1) direct writing of waveguiding structures and 2) fabrication of Bragg grating in planar and channel waveguides. Both objectives can be achieved in sol-gel derived photosensitive waveguide by first photoinscribing the channel waveguide by UV exposure, and then inscribing the grating into the waveguide by a second exposure through a phase mask [51], [52]. An analysis of the grating reflectivity using a vectorial coupled-mode theory is reported in [50].…”

Section: Amplification and Photosensitivity In Optical Waveguidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical amplification and photosensitivity in sol-gel based waveguides

Selvarajan

Srinivas

2001

IEEE J. Quantum Electron.

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The sol-gel process has emerged as an effective route for the fabrication of optical waveguides and guided wave devices and circuits. In particular, it is possible to incorporate active dopants like neodymium, erbium, and cesium for integrated optical active devices and circuits. In this paper, a review of recent research on active devices and circuits based on sol-gel process is made. Specific studies undertaken in our laboratory on optical amplification and photosensitivity characteristics of sol-gel optical films are presented. In the case of modeling and analysis of active sol-gel films for the study of optical amplifiers, we present the Atomic Susceptibility Theory of lasers and also the method of rate equations, duly taking into account the waveguide parameters. The Beam Propagation Method is applied to study the propagation and gain characteristics of actively doped sol-gel film devices such as straight waveguide,-branch, and directional coupler. Formation of Bragg gratings in cerium-doped films are investigated. Also, futuristic applications in MEMS where the sol-gel process will be effectively used to form optical layers that can be controlled by mechanical effects are pointed out.

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UV-light imprinted Bragg grating in sol-gel ridgeglass waveguide with almost 100% reflectivity

Cited by 15 publications

References 1 publication

Optical Properties of Functional Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Nanocomposites

Optical Properties of Functional Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Nanocomposites

Self-Processing of Surface-Relief Gratings in Photosensitive Hybrid Sol-Gel Glasses

Optical amplification and photosensitivity in sol-gel based waveguides

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