“…They were widely used in UV lasers, sensors, field-effect transistors, field emission devices, energy harvesters, light-emitting sources, phonic devices and nanogenerators [ 3 , 4 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ]. These metal oxide materials include zinc oxide (ZnO), nickel oxide (NiO), titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), copper oxide (CuO), tin oxide (SnO 2 ), iron oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ), indium oxide (In 2 O 3 ), tungsten trioxide (WO 3 ) and vanadium oxide (V 2 O 3 ) [ 1 , 4 , 14 , 17 , 19 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ]. Among all of these materials, ZnO has gained considerable interest due to its fascinating unique properties, as mentioned in Table 1 .…”