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Surface morphology and structure of electroless ternary NiWP deposits with various W and P contents

“…From this it can be concluded that W incorporation has affected the composition of ternary NiWP deposits. The decrease in P content with increase in sodium salts of tungsten in EN bath could be due to the increase of metals to hypophosphite ion ratio in the EN bath [11]. Osaka et al have reported that for the ternary NiWP alloy deposits, the P content can easily be lowered from 8.9 to 2.3 wt.% by codeposition of W, consequently improving the crystallinity of asplated deposits [12].…”

Structure and phase transformation behavior of electroless Ni–P alloys containing tin and tungsten

“…Li et al observed a significant reduction in phosphorus content (from 5.5 to 2 wt.%) with an increase in the concentration of sodium tungstate in a citrate-based bath which was operated at pH 7 [12]. When the sodium tungstate was increased in an alkaline citrate-based bath Younan and Shoeib [35] also found a decrease in phosphorus content in ternary deposit, which was explained on the basis of the increase of metals to hypophosphite ion ratio in the bath.…”

Nickel–boron electrochemical properties investigations

“…It has been applied successfully in chemical, mechanical and electronic industries due to their desirable physical, mechanical properties and uniformity in thickness [4]. The corrosion resistance of coatings depends on the physicochemical properties of the coating such as the adherence, hardness and roughness of the substrate mainly.…”