Vaccination against Toxoplasmosis

Current challenges for modern vaccines and perspectives for novel treatment alternatives

“…there is yet another downside, when attenuated their capability to induce humoral and cellular immune responses decreases considerably [122,123].…”

“…Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive bacterium that invades different cell types as epithelial, mucosal, macrophages, hepatocytes, DCs and epithelial cells in the blood-brain barrier. This great invasive ability triggers a high immune response and makes them ideal to target intestinal epithelium and therefore ensure the delivery of the DNA vaccine, using of course a non-pathogenic or attenuated, engineered strain [122].…”

“…The most effective engineered strain so far was produced by Kong et al (2012), an attenuated Salmonella with an hyper invasive phenotype that escapes the endosomes and reduces bacteria apoptosis therefore DNA is delivered into the host cell nucleus [130]. There have also been several other mutant strains developed to target other non-viral diseases such as cancer [122].…”

“…Shata & Hone (2001) [131] used a mutant S. flexenery to attenuate a HIV infection in a murine model, with a intranasal delivery they achieved a similar immune response to the one induced by an intramuscular naked DNA vaccine [122]. Y. enterocolitica is considered as a vector due to its ability to survive inside the host's tissue for several days, along with the bacteria replication, the DNA vaccine replicates too and therefore the amount of DNA vaccine increases [122]. Al-Mariri et al ( 2002) [132] also developed a DNA vaccine against Brucella infection.…”