Vaccination of Norwegian Cattle against Ringworm

Abstract

Summary From 1979 to 1981 about 200,000 cattle in Norway were vaccinated with a live vaccine against ringworm caused by Trichophyton verrucosum. The vaccination was carried out both in herds where ringworm was already a problem and in ringworm‐free herds. The results show that the prophylactic effect of the vaccine is very good and with full vaccination throughout a district it seems possible to control ringworm in cattle. According to experience in Norway, therapeutic use of the vaccine against ringworm is not recommended. The side‐effects of the vaccine are minimal and do not seem to exceed those experienced in other vaccinatons. Zusammenfassung Schutzimpfung von norwegischen Rindern gegen Trichophytie Von 1979 bis 1981 wurden in Norwegen etwa 200 000 Rinder mit einem Lebendimpfstoff gegen Trichophytie, hervorgerufen durch Trichophyton verrucosum, geimpft. Die Schutzimpfung wurde ausgeführt, sowohl in Herden, wo die Trichophytie bereits ein Problem ist, als auch in trichophytie‐freien Herden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die prophylaktische Wirksamkeit des Impfstoffes sehr gut ist, und mit einer vollständigen Impfung eines ganzen Bezirkes scheint es möglich zu sein die Trichophytie unter Kontrolle zu bringen. Gemäß den Erfahrungen in Norwegen, wird die therapeutische Verwendung des Impfstoffes gegen Trichophytie nicht empfohlen. Die Nebenwirkungen des Impfstoffes sind minimal und scheinen jene, die bei anderen Impfungen beobachtet wurden nicht zu übersteigen. Résumé Vaccination de bovins norvégiens contre la trichophytie Environ 200 000 bovins ont été vaccinés de 1979 à 1981 en Norvège au moyen d'un vaccin vivant contre la trichophytie à partir de Trichophyton verrucosum. La vaccination a été faite aussi bien dans des exploitations où la trichophytie était un problème que dans des élevages indemnes. Les résultats ont montré que l'effet prophylactique du vaccin est très bon et qu'il semble possible de contrôler la maladie avec la vaccination complète dans une région. L'emploi thérapeutique du vaccin contre la trichophytie n'est pas recommandé sur la base des expériences faites en Norvège. Les effets secondaires du vaccin sont minimales et ne semblent pas dépasser ceux observés avec d'autres vaccins. Resumen La vacunación profiláctica de vacunos noruegos contra la tricofitia Desde 1979 hasta 1981 se vacunaron en Noruega una 200.000 reses vacunas con una vacuna viva contra la tricofitia, originada por Trichophyton verrucosum. La vacunación protectora fué llevada a cabo tanto en tropas, en las cuales la tricofitia ya era un problema, como en cabañas libres de tricofitia. Los resultados muestran que la eficacia profiláctica de la vacuna es muy buena, y con una vacunación íntegra de toda una demarcación parece que resulta posible mantener la tricofitia bajo control. Con arreglo a las experiencias adquiridas en Noruega, no se recomienda la utilización terapéutica de la vacuna contra la tricofitia. Las acciones secundarias de la vacuna son mínimas y no parecen exceder a las observadas en otras vacunaciones.

Control of bovine ringworm by vaccination in Norway

“…Thus, the former Soviet Union was the first country to demonstrate that bovine ringworm was a vaccine preventable disease. During the 1970s, the vaccine was introduced in Hungary (Horvath and Gaal, 1977), former German Democratic Republic (Rotermund et al, 1977), former Yugoslavia (Krdzalic et al, 1978), Bulgaria (Stankushev et al, 1979) and in Norway as the first country in Western Europe (Aamodt et al, 1982). Reprinted with permission from WHO (Sarkisov and Koromyslov, 1983).…”

“…The vaccine strain LTF-130 has some remaining virulence properties capable of producing a limited skin reaction resembling natural dermatophyte infection. During the two first years after introduction of the vaccine in Norway, 200,000 heads of cattle were vaccinated in a dairy cattle district to obtain more information about safety aspects (Aamodt et al, 1982;Gudding et al, 1991). Apart from local swelling at the injection site and slight transient temperature increase, severe general reactions occurred rarely.…”

“…In cooperation with local veterinarians, a field trial was conducted in a dairy cattle district in Norway in the period 1979-1985 (Aamodt et al, 1982;Gudding et al, 1991).…”

Application of genotyping methods in the investigation of sources of dermatophytosis associated with vaccination in cattle

“…Commercially available vaccines are preparations of either live attenuated T. verrucosum or inactivated strains of the fungus, including spores and fragments of mycelium. However, they have short storability and can revert to virulent forms; therefore, they may constitute some danger of infection to individuals with immunological defects (Aamodt et al, 1982; Lund et al, 2014; Polyakov & Ivanova, 2005; Seyfarth et al, 2011; Wawrzkiewicz & Wawrzkiewicz, 1992; Zahran, Attia Abdeen, & Zahran, 2013). Tests on the activity of the vaccine have been carried out on guinea pigs and calves in strictly controlled conditions and on cattle in field conditions to assess not only its prophylactic but also therapeutic value (Lund et al, 2014; Rybnikář, Obořilová, & Hedbávný, 2008; Wawrzkiewicz & Wawrzkiewicz, 1992).…”

“…In 1970–1980, approximately 250 million cattle were vaccinated and the results were promising with a drop in the percentage of infected herds from almost 100% to less than 10% in 1975 and 1% in 1984 (Sarkisov & Nikiforov, 1988). During the 1970s, the vaccine was introduced in Hungary (Horvath & Gaal, 1977), Germany (Rotermund, Franz, & Hausburg, 1977), Yugoslavia (Krdzalic, Stojicevic, & Bresjanac, 1978), Bulgaria (Stankushev, Duparinova, Kostov, & Gradinarski, 1979) and Norway (Aamodt, Naess, & Sandvik, 1982). In each of these cases, the vaccination was related to T. verrucosum dermatophytosis, although the acquired immunity was extended to trichophytoses with a different aetiology (Wawrzkiewicz & Wawrzkiewicz, 1992).…”