T HE recent impetus which has been given to research on pasture improvement in the United States by various educational andresearch agencies has stimulated an interest in improved methods for quantitative and qualitative analyses of pasture swards. A number of methods for evaluating pastures have been described in American and foreign literature, the applications of which are confined to an analysis of particular types of grassland and to the gathering of specific information. Hanson (5) 3 has compared different methods for determining botanical composition of the western North Dakota prairie. His conclusions apply, however, only to the type of vegetation characteristic of the region. Several of the methods now in use in the British Isles and New Zealand are adaptable to the types of sward which are found in the Great Lakes and New England regions. These methods differ in principle which makes it difficult to select, without considerable study, the most useful one for the particular pasture conditions. Some are meritorious in measuring productivity, composition, or quality of the sward with no one method apparently possessing all the qualities that may be desired. The need for an accurate and rapid quantitative method which will measure, without personal bias or error, the relative frequency and productivity of the pasture components in the types of sward found in the humid region of the eastern and middle western states has resulted in the pasture methodology herein reported. It is not possible to collect sufficient data in one season to warrant final evaluation of all the methods. The apparent demand for information as to the efficiency and practicability of the different methods seems to justify a preliminary report of the research now in progress. PROCEDUREThe study of methods is being done on two of a series of fields in a comprehensive pasture project on the University of Wisconsin Experiment Station farm at Madison, Wise. (1). One of the fields is treated annually with commercial nitrogen and the other is left untreated as a check. The two fields, each consisting of 4Y. acres, were sown in 1934 to the following mixture: 14 pounds per acre Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), 10 pounds timothy (Phleum pratense), 4 pounds redtop (Agrostis alba), 2 pounds white clover (Trifolium repens), 3 pounds alsike clover (Trifolium hybridium), and 3 pounds red clover (Trifolium pratense). A series of 30 randomized counts for each method were taken on each field during May and 'Cooperative investigations of the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station and the Division

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The reason why certain varieties perform more satisfactorily than others is of great importance to the plant breeder. Such information furnishes the basis for a logical plan for the improveme~t of the crop. At present it is not possible by plant physiological methods alone to obtain all necessary infonnation regarding the reasons for differential responses of various important varieties. By growing the varieties in .a field trial, however, it is possible to obtain comparable data on such characters as yielding ability, time of maturity, reaction to prevalent diseases, and certain morphological characters. By biometrical methods the data can be analyzed for the purpose of learning the relative importance of various characters in their influence on yielding ability.A series of rod-row trials were made at the Waseca branch station in 1926. Conditions were so favorable for the study that it was planned to determine, by means of correlation coefficients, the 1 The studies of disease resistance are a phase of the cooperative studies conducted by the sections of plant breeding and plant pathology, Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, St. Paul, Minn. The breeding of spring and winter wheat is

Summary From 1979 to 1981 about 200,000 cattle in Norway were vaccinated with a live vaccine against ringworm caused by Trichophyton verrucosum. The vaccination was carried out both in herds where ringworm was already a problem and in ringworm‐free herds. The results show that the prophylactic effect of the vaccine is very good and with full vaccination throughout a district it seems possible to control ringworm in cattle. According to experience in Norway, therapeutic use of the vaccine against ringworm is not recommended. The side‐effects of the vaccine are minimal and do not seem to exceed those experienced in other vaccinatons. Zusammenfassung Schutzimpfung von norwegischen Rindern gegen Trichophytie Von 1979 bis 1981 wurden in Norwegen etwa 200 000 Rinder mit einem Lebendimpfstoff gegen Trichophytie, hervorgerufen durch Trichophyton verrucosum, geimpft. Die Schutzimpfung wurde ausgeführt, sowohl in Herden, wo die Trichophytie bereits ein Problem ist, als auch in trichophytie‐freien Herden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die prophylaktische Wirksamkeit des Impfstoffes sehr gut ist, und mit einer vollständigen Impfung eines ganzen Bezirkes scheint es möglich zu sein die Trichophytie unter Kontrolle zu bringen. Gemäß den Erfahrungen in Norwegen, wird die therapeutische Verwendung des Impfstoffes gegen Trichophytie nicht empfohlen. Die Nebenwirkungen des Impfstoffes sind minimal und scheinen jene, die bei anderen Impfungen beobachtet wurden nicht zu übersteigen. Résumé Vaccination de bovins norvégiens contre la trichophytie Environ 200 000 bovins ont été vaccinés de 1979 à 1981 en Norvège au moyen d'un vaccin vivant contre la trichophytie à partir de Trichophyton verrucosum. La vaccination a été faite aussi bien dans des exploitations où la trichophytie était un problème que dans des élevages indemnes. Les résultats ont montré que l'effet prophylactique du vaccin est très bon et qu'il semble possible de contrôler la maladie avec la vaccination complète dans une région. L'emploi thérapeutique du vaccin contre la trichophytie n'est pas recommandé sur la base des expériences faites en Norvège. Les effets secondaires du vaccin sont minimales et ne semblent pas dépasser ceux observés avec d'autres vaccins. Resumen La vacunación profiláctica de vacunos noruegos contra la tricofitia Desde 1979 hasta 1981 se vacunaron en Noruega una 200.000 reses vacunas con una vacuna viva contra la tricofitia, originada por Trichophyton verrucosum. La vacunación protectora fué llevada a cabo tanto en tropas, en las cuales la tricofitia ya era un problema, como en cabañas libres de tricofitia. Los resultados muestran que la eficacia profiláctica de la vacuna es muy buena, y con una vacunación íntegra de toda una demarcación parece que resulta posible mantener la tricofitia bajo control. Con arreglo a las experiencias adquiridas en Noruega, no se recomienda la utilización terapéutica de la vacuna contra la tricofitia. Las acciones secundarias de la vacuna son mínimas y no parecen exceder a las observadas en otras vacunaciones.

M ANY species of plants and more particularly those used for hay or pasture purposes are sown in mixtures. Dominance of any given species in any particular environment has usually been attributed to differential moisture, temperature, light, and fertility requirements. Investigations have shown that the development and activity of the roots of certain species of plants may be affected by the metabolism of adjoining roots and that some species of plants may have a specific effect on other species which follow in the rotation. An excellent review of the literature on this subject has been made by Loehwing.3 There is considerable difference of opinion in the literature as to the cause of specific interactions which have been noted. Toxic secretions, deficient oxygen, excessive carbon dioxide and moisture, harmful pH, and nitrogen starvation are among the more important factors listed as being involved in specific root interactions.It is the purpose of this preliminary report to call attention to the possible existence of harmful root interactions between various species of pasture grasses and legumes and the need for further investigations relative to the extent and importance of this phenomenon under varying light, moisture, temperature, and fertility conditions.Extensive botanical studies relative to the effect of various fertilization and management treatments on the productivity and survival of a number of species of plants used for hay and pasture purposes were begun at the University of Wisconsin in 1935. Included among the species studied were Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), timothy (Phleum pratense), redtop (Agrostis alba), red clover (Trifolium pratense), alsike clover (Trifolium hybridum), and white clover (Trifolium repens). Field observations made since the experiment was initiated seemed to indicate that a number of species interactions occurred which could not be accounted for on the basis of differential response to light, temperature, moisture, fertilization, and management. White clover and red clover were seldom found in dense, closely grazed quack grass (Agropyron repens) sod whereas alsike clover appeared in comparative abundance. Canada bluegrass (Poa compressa), although not seeded, was found in areas which were not fertilized with commercial nitrogen. Canada bluegrass, redtop, timothy, and Kentucky bluegrass were observed to occur as definite colonies rather than blending uniformly throughout the sward. Redtop was eliminated early by Kentucky bluegrass.In August of 1938 a series of experimental pasture and meadow field plats were sown to compare the yield and survival of two strains of brome grass (Bromus inermis), both commercial and parkland,