Vaccine development for cryptosporidiosis: Systematic review

Abstract

Cryptosporidium spp. are opportunistic parasites with zoonotic potential transmitted by ingestion of contaminated water and food, the infection consists of severe diarrhea leading to the death of babies and immunocompromised individuals. In the veterinary, it can generate economic losses due to the death of calves, these animals being a possible source of transmission of the parasite. Nitazoxanide and halofuginone are the only drugs approved for treatment in humans and calves respectively, however there are restrictions on their use. There is still no vaccine against cryptosporidiosis in humans or animals and its development is a great challenge. Our objective with the present work was to write a systematic review of the literature addressing the progress of studies on vaccines against cryptosporidiosis. The recommended guidelines for RSL were used, with the aid of the StArt software (State of the Art through Systematic Rewiews). The research took place in the databases: Lilacs, PubMed, Scielo, Science Direct, Scopus, Embase and Medline. In 30% of the selected articles, the calves were the study animal and in 50% the mice; 40% of the studies were with vaccines derived from recombinant proteins and 30% of the research was aimed at inhibiting the parasite from entering cells and activating the host's protective immunity. So far, a vaccine with no proven efficacy or an ideal cost-benefit has been developed. Many candidate antigenic targets for a vaccine have been characterized, in addition to elucidating the immunogenicity mechanism of Cryptosporidium spp. in the infected individual. However, another antigenic targets for a vaccine can be searched in future studies.

Evaluation of a vaccine candidate isolated from Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst in mice

“…Even though there is extensive research on drug treatments against Cryptosporidium spp., effective curative treatments remain scarce [ 8 ]. Moreover, despite the urgent need, there are no commercial vaccines available to protect humans or animals from cryptosporidiosis [ 9 , 10 ]. Failure to develop an efficient protective vaccine against cryptosporidiosis is mostly due to its life cycle [ 11 ].…”

Cryptosporidiosis in Calves: Clinical Implications, Virulence Factors, and Future Prospectives with Special Reference to Egypt Situation

“…AND vector vaccine. To bring out the data that refute the question of this RSL, fields were created that organized the information that should be noticed, such as get going the study population; principle, modes of action of the tested vaccine, as well as its efficacy and cost benefit (Silva et al, 2021).…”

Infectious Disease Sensitivity to Climate and Other Driver‐Pressure Changes: Research Effort and Gaps for Lyme Disease and Cryptosporidiosis

“…These two diseases are selected for this scoping review as examples with a broad geographic distribution (Putignani & Menichella, 2010; Schotthoefer & Frost, 2015) and increasing trends in many regions (Gharpure et al., 2019; Hofhuis et al., 2015), but differing in their transmission pathways and hydro‐climatic sensitivities (Ma et al., 2021). There are further no vaccines available to the public for these diseases (Kamp et al., 2020; Silva et al., 2021) with potential severe consequences (Lindgren et al., 2012) that relevant research needs to provide support for societies to prevent and manage. As such, it is important to investigate and reveal the complexity aspects and driver‐pressure factors and impacts considered and linked in research so far, and identify possible key gaps and biases that need to be addressed in further research for each of these disease examples.…”