Vaccines and infectious disease

Fletcher, Mary A; Saliou, P.

doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-8393-1_5

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…Responsiveness of vaccine-specific B cells can also be assessed as ex vivo secretion of vaccine-specific antibodies following stimulation with vaccine antigen. In addition, cell-mediated responses to certain vaccines have been assessed as a DTH response or as lymphocyte proliferation or cytokine production following ex vivo stimulation of lymphocytes with vaccine antigen (Leroux-Roels et al 1994;Fletcher & Saliou, 2000;Wiedermann et al 2000). Combination of different assays provides the opportunity to obtain more detailed information on the response elicited.…”

Section: In Vivo Integrated Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Markers to measure immunomodulation in human nutrition intervention studies

et al. 2005

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Normal functioning of the immune system is crucial to the health of man, and diet is one of the major exogenous factors modulating individual immunocompetence. Recently, nutrition research has focused on the role of foods or specific food components in enhancing immune system responsiveness to challenges and thereby improving health and reducing disease risks. Assessing diet-induced changes of immune function, however, requires a thorough methodological approach targeting a large spectrum of immune system parameters. Currently, no single marker is available to predict the outcome of a dietary intervention on the resistance to infection or to other immune system-related diseases. The present review summarises the immune function assays commonly used as markers in human intervention studies and evaluates their biological relevance (e.g. known correlation with clinically relevant endpoints), sensitivity (e.g. within-and between-subject variation), and practical feasibility. Based on these criteria markers were classified into three categories with high, medium or low suitability. Vaccine-specific serum antibody production, delayed-type hypersensitivity response, vaccine-specific or total secretory IgA in saliva and the response to attenuated pathogens, were classified as markers with high suitability. Markers with medium suitability include natural killer cell cytotoxicity, oxidative burst of phagocytes, lymphocyte proliferation and the cytokine pattern produced by activated immune cells. Since no single marker allows conclusions to be drawn about the modulation of the whole immune system, except for the clinical outcome of infection itself, combining markers with high and medium suitability is currently the best approach to measure immunomodulation in human nutrition intervention studies. It would be valuable to include several immune markers in addition to clinical outcome in future clinical trials in this area, as there is too little evidence that correlates markers with global health improvement.Immune function: Marker: Diet: Human studies: Infections Task and objectivesThe major function of the immune system is to protect the body against infectious diseases. The immune system can be divided into innate and adaptive immunity. The immune system operates at the systemic as well as at the local level, which includes the mucosal tissue such as in the upper airways and the gut. A fundamental characteristic of the immune system is that it involves multiple, functionally differing cell types, which permit a large variety of defence mechanisms. Assessing the status of the immune system and its functionality therefore requires a thorough methodological approach targeting a large spectrum of immune †A draft version of this review was extensively discussed with experts from the fields of nutrition, (clinical) immunology, mucosal immunology, gastroenterology and immunotoxicology during a Workshop, organised by the European branch of the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI Europe), on 'Markers

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Section: In Vivo Integrated Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Markers to measure immunomodulation in human nutrition intervention studies

et al. 2005

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“…The Th1/Th2 paradigm provides a useful framework for understanding the pathogenesis of certain infectious diseases as well as tissue-specific autoimmune diseases [4][5][6][7][8][9]. While Th1 responses are necessary to clear infectious virus and intracellular parasitic bacteria, Th2 responses predominantly promote humoral responses that can effectively prevent toxin-related bacterial infection, particularly in the mucosal surface [10][11][12][13]. Thus, the development of the appropriate type of T cell immunity is critical for successful vaccination and eradication of infectious organisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Memory and effector T cells modulate subsequently primed immune responses to unrelated antigens

Tian

Hanssen

et al. 2003

Cellular Immunology

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Abstract:Memory and effector T cells modulate subsequently primed T cell responses to the same antigen. However, little is known about the impact of pre-existing memory and effector T cell immunity on subsequently primed immune responses to unrelated antigens. Here, we showed that an antigen-primed first wave of Th1 and Th2 immunity enhanced or inhibited the subsequently primed T cell immunity to an unrelated antigen, depending on whether the second antigen was administered in the same or opposite type of adjuvant. The regulatory effects of the first wave of T cell immunity on the subsequent T cell responses to an unrelated antigen attenuated with time. Notably, following challenge with the second antigen, there was a mutual cross-regulation between the first and second wave of humoral responses to unrelated antigens.Thus, immunization with one antigen not only primes immune responses to that antigen, but also influences subsequently primed immune responses to unrelated antigens.

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“…The results discussed above show that inactivated or attenuated vaccines are suitable as the leptospirosis vaccines [ 4 , 5 , 8 - 11 , 13 ]. However, such vaccines cause safety problems [ 131 , 132 ].…”

Section: Inactivated and Attenuated Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leptospirosis vaccines

2007

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Leptospirosis is a serious infection disease caused by pathogenic strains of the Leptospira spirochetes, which affects not only humans but also animals. It has long been expected to find an effective vaccine to prevent leptospirosis through immunization of high risk humans or animals. Although some leptospirosis vaccines have been obtained, the vaccination is relatively unsuccessful in clinical application despite decades of research and millions of dollars spent. In this review, the recent advancements of recombinant outer membrane protein (OMP) vaccines, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) vaccines, inactivated vaccines, attenuated vaccines and DNA vaccines against leptospirosis are reviewed. A comparison of these vaccines may lead to development of new potential methods to combat leptospirosis and facilitate the leptospirosis vaccine research. Moreover, a vaccine ontology database was built for the scientists working on the leptospirosis vaccines as a starting tool.

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Vaccines and infectious disease

Cited by 4 publications

References 69 publications

Markers to measure immunomodulation in human nutrition intervention studies

Markers to measure immunomodulation in human nutrition intervention studies

Memory and effector T cells modulate subsequently primed immune responses to unrelated antigens

Leptospirosis vaccines

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