Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever

Fraser, Abigail; Goldberg, Elad; Acosta, Camilo J.; Paul, Mical; Leibovici, Leonard

doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001261.pub2

Cited by 134 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…The Vi-based vaccine is licensed in the United States for children aged Ն2 years. The cumulative protective efficacy over 3 years has been estimated to be 48% for Ty21a and 55% for Vi polysaccharide vaccine in a Cochrane systematic review (99). The effectiveness of the parenteral Vi vaccine has recently been confirmed in young children, and the protection of unvaccinated neighbors of Vi vaccinees has been demonstrated (100).…”

Section: Patient Outcomes (I) Complicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The effectiveness of the parenteral Vi vaccine has recently been confirmed in young children, and the protection of unvaccinated neighbors of Vi vaccinees has been demonstrated (100). The earliest Vi conjugate vaccine to reach clinical trials, Vi-rEPA, has been shown to be safe and immunogenic in Vietnamese children aged 2 to 5 years, providing protective efficacy of 91.5% (101) and an estimated 89% cumulative efficacy after 3.8 years (99). Phase 2 studies of other Vi conjugate vaccines have been completed (102).…”

Section: Patient Outcomes (I) Complicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, Laboratory Diagnosis, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Antimicrobial Management of Invasive Salmonella Infections

et al. 2015

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SUMMARY Salmonella enterica infections are common causes of bloodstream infection in low-resource areas, where they may be difficult to distinguish from other febrile illnesses and may be associated with a high case fatality ratio. Microbiologic culture of blood or bone marrow remains the mainstay of laboratory diagnosis. Antimicrobial resistance has emerged in Salmonella enterica , initially to the traditional first-line drugs chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Decreased fluoroquinolone susceptibility and then fluoroquinolone resistance have developed in association with chromosomal mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining region of genes encoding DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and also by plasmid-mediated resistance mechanisms. Resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins has occurred more often in nontyphoidal than in typhoidal Salmonella strains. Azithromycin is effective for the management of uncomplicated typhoid fever and may serve as an alternative oral drug in areas where fluoroquinolone resistance is common. In 2013, CLSI lowered the ciprofloxacin susceptibility breakpoints to account for accumulating clinical, microbiologic, and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic data suggesting that revision was needed for contemporary invasive Salmonella infections. Newly established CLSI guidelines for azithromycin and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi were published in CLSI document M100 in 2015.

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Section: Patient Outcomes (I) Complicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Patient Outcomes (I) Complicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, Laboratory Diagnosis, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Antimicrobial Management of Invasive Salmonella Infections

et al. 2015

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“…The whole-cell inactivated vaccine is unpopular due to high rates of adverse reactions (19). A live attenuated oral vaccine (Ty21a) and a parenteral plain polysaccharide vaccine have comparable efficacies ranging between 50 and 70% and are suitable for community vaccination programs in areas of hyperendemicity (8,9). A polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine has shown promising results in clinical trials and potentially could be used for children under 2 years of age, for whom the former two vaccines are either ineffective or unlicensed (17,21).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetics of the Natural, Humoral Immune Response toSalmonella entericaSerovar Typhi in Kathmandu, Nepal

Pulickal

Gautam

Clutterbuck

et al. 2009

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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Typhoid fever is a major public health problem in developing countries, conservatively estimated to occur in 17 million cases and be responsible for 200,000 deaths annually. We investigated the acquisition of natural immunity to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in a region where typhoid is endemic by testing sera from an age-stratified sample of 210 healthy participants in Kathmandu, Nepal, for bactericidal activity toward S. Typhi and for anti-Vi capsular polysaccharide antibodies. Bactericidal titers in children were significantly lower than those in newborns and adults (P < 0.0001). Anti-S. Typhi bactericidal geometric mean titers were age dependent, increasing 10-fold during childhood. Anti-Vi polysaccharide antibody geometric mean concentrations were also lower in children than in adults. Data presented here indicate the possibility of a relationship between low levels of bactericidal activity toward S. Typhi in serum and susceptibility to disease, as observed for other polysaccharide-encapsulated bacteria.

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“…The liquid formulation of Ty21a is given in 3-4 doses and provides 53%-78% protection for 5 years. 5 Thus, a potent vaccine capable of inducing humoral and cellular immunity against typhoid fever is an immediate global health need. 6 As a novel vaccination approach, heat shock protein (HSP)-based vaccines have become an attractive strategy for disease prevention.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

rIL-22 as an adjuvant enhances the immunogenicity of rGroEL in mice and its protective efficacy against S. Typhi and S. Typhimurium

et al. 2014

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Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever

Cited by 134 publications

References 44 publications

Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, Laboratory Diagnosis, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Antimicrobial Management of Invasive Salmonella Infections

Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, Laboratory Diagnosis, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Antimicrobial Management of Invasive Salmonella Infections

Kinetics of the Natural, Humoral Immune Response toSalmonella entericaSerovar Typhi in Kathmandu, Nepal

rIL-22 as an adjuvant enhances the immunogenicity of rGroEL in mice and its protective efficacy against S. Typhi and S. Typhimurium

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